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biology midterm final 3 > cloning and e > Flashcards

cloning and e Flashcards

1
Q

a blastocyst is a source of what type of stem cell?
aunipotent
b. totipotent
c. multipotent
d.pluripotent

A

d pluripotent

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2
Q

THERE ARE CERTAIN ORGANS IN HUMAN THAT
ARE ABLE TO REGENERATE TO FULL FUNCTION
RATHER THAN HEALING/FORMING SCAR TISSUE.
A. True
B. False

A

ze liva tru

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3
Q

therapeutic cloning involves___ ___ or __

A

therapeutic cloning invloves growing new tissues or organs

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4
Q

reproductive cloning ____ new____ or____

A

reproductive cloning creates new individuals or animals

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5
Q

true or false therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is what we did in the bacterial transformation lab?

A

false its different. cloning a gene

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6
Q

the bacterial transfromation we did has the cloning process of

A

identifying, isolating, and making copies of a gene

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7
Q

how is cloning related to stem cells?

A

the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer which creates an embryo that is either implanted and allowed to develop there fore creating an individual. or the embryo can be used as a soutce of totipotent/pluripotent stem cells

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8
Q

can the method of creating induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS) cells (from adult cells) be used to clone people?

A

probably not/ pluripotent stem cells cannot differentiate into extra-embryonic cells, which form the placenta and are necessary for embryonic/fetal development.

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9
Q

t/f pluripotent stem cells cannot differentiate into extra-embryonic cells, which form the placenta ncessary for embryonic/fetal development.

A

true

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10
Q

what are clones

A

organisms with identical genetic material. the sewuence of bases in their DNA is exactly the same.

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11
Q

before dolly the sheep scientists made clones of cells within the labratory. tf.

A

true

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12
Q

a plant cutting is a clone t/f

A

true

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13
Q

when an embryonic egg cell start to change into different types of cells like skin cells, blood cells, muscle celles its called and although it has and is made of the same genetic material it only acess genes needed for its particular function

A

differentiation.

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14
Q

g0 state

A

similar state to embryonic cells.

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15
Q

t/f dolly the sheep looked exactly like the other sheep they cloned her from (the egg cell)

A

false. she was white faced when the other was black. she was the only one.

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16
Q

true or false dolly was created through utter cells

A

true

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17
Q

the second group to clone an animal from an adult cell was cloning

A

mice- not grown in culture but used directly injected into the eg cell with removed nucleus and replaced with a brown mouse the white host mother gave birth to cumulina named after the cumulus cells she was named after. same dna of the nucleus mother. sucesfully made several generations of clones.

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18
Q

t/f several animals have been cloned from the female cells

A

true

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19
Q

t/f scientists hope to clone organs that can be transplanted into humans

A

true

20
Q

in 1966 ___ was cloned

A

dolly the sheep was cloned from adult cells. the udder cell of an adult sheet fused with enucleated egg. (rpelaced the nucleus)

21
Q

t/f in 2010 dolly was again cloned four times from the same tissue that created dolly to create four new clones of dolly

A

true

22
Q

t/f all cloned embryos are sucessful

A

false. 90% are not only 10% are sucessful

23
Q

why might clones via somatic cell nuclear transfer suffer from premature aging?

A

as an organism ages and cells divide the protective dna caps at the end of the chromosomes, callled telomeres get shorter.
after many rounds of cell division the telomere will so short the cell no longer diveds becoming inactive or dying. the shortening process is associated with aging diseas and high risk of other things. dna in the nucleus of somatic cell will already have shortened telomeres in comparison with reproductive (sperm/egg) cells.

24
Q

telomeres

A

end caps that protect the chromosome.

25
Q

telomere length doesnt decline as we age.

A

false it does.

26
Q

why do we have telomeres?

A

the rna primer that binds to the dna template as a starting point of replication for dna polymerase is not at the end of every chormosome
this means with each round of replication dna strand is a little bit shorter.
the chromosomes shorten by approximately 50-250 base pairs per round of cell division
if we didn’t have telomeres at the ends of each chromosome, we would potentially lose protein- coding DNA with each round of DNA replication/cell division.

27
Q

telomerase

A

the enzyme that repairs (extends) telomeres is called

28
Q

why don’t we start our lives with short telomeres if DNA is from our parents?

A

the enzyme telomerase is highly expressed in cells that divide rapidly– like reproductive and embryonic cells. somatic (body cells) have alow expression level of telomerase

29
Q

somatic cells

A

body cell

30
Q

are clones guaranteed to live shorter lives bc of “old” DNA?

A

not necessarily. the cloned cows from senescent epithelial cells had calves that showed extended telomeres equivalent to age-matched control calves.

31
Q

cloning controversy

A

is it safe? french scientists restored theh hhyouth of 100-year-old-cells. should we use this technology to bring back extinct species?

32
Q

what is viagen pets?

A

viagen is a compant that offers genetic preservation and cloning of cats, dogs and horses. cat=~35000 doc=~50000 horse=~=~85000

33
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than the alteration of the genetic code itself. how the information in dna is used and how genese are inactivated or activated can cause individuals w same gentic info=exhibit diff traits. how DNA activates in genes. nature versus nurture. epigenetic traits can effect someones whole life. can be a good ling

34
Q

rainbow and cc

A

the first cloned cats. december 22,2001 1/84 implanted embryos. is having a healthy life and had a litter of kittens the natural way in 2006.

35
Q

if cc is a clone of rainbow, why don’t they look identical?

A

coat color is on x chromosomes, two alleles for the gene brown coat and orange coat. x-inactivatoin (lyonization) inactivates one copy of x chromososme to keep the genetic dosage the same, during the blastocyst stage each cell undergoes random lyonzation to be packaged tightly into a structure known as heterochromatin or barr body, that x chromosome is unable to be translated therefore the genes are not expressed. therefore the cell taken from rainbow to create cc was a cell that had the x chromosome with the orange allele inactivated.

36
Q

nature vs nurture genetic determinism (vs epigenitics) not every thing is determined by dna sequencing. what is genetic dterminism?

A

the idea that everything about human beings is determined by our genes, regardless of environmental influences. there is a widespread agreement among thie scientific community that this is NOT true.

37
Q

each of the approx 200 cell types in the body have its own genome but its own distinct epigenome t/f

A

true

38
Q

social experiences can effect epigenetic genomes t/f

A

true

39
Q

epigenetic traits can be passed onto the children

A

true

40
Q

epigenenomic genomes are permenat tf

A

false can change depending on lifestyle

41
Q

genomic imprinting is the

A

epigenetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific maner.

42
Q

humans are ___ diploid organisms, meaning that somatic cells contain two copies of each gene—- one from mom and one from dad t/f

A

true diploid organisms

43
Q

for most autosomal genes, ecpression of bot halleles happen simultaneously t/f

A

true

44
Q

for less than 1% of the genes, the gene is imprinted and ________ the allele for the genes is expressed, depending on the parental origin

A

only 1 copy of.

45
Q

t/f the gene for insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is only expressed from the allele inherited by the mother

A

false its inherited from the father.

46
Q

the story of 2 cloned mice is an example of epigenetics in action t/f

A

true

biology midterm final 3 (5 decks)

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