ivf and stem cells

Question 1

a single base change in the DNA is least likely to cause an amino acid change at which codon position? position 1 position 2 or position 3

Answer 1

c. position 3. the 3rd codon. a single bas change in the dna is wobble position. least likely to cause an amino acid change at it.

Question 2

what distinguishes a SNP from a mutation?
a. a snp doesn’t cause a change in the protein
b. a snap and a mutation are the same thing
c. a snp obly occurs in non-protein coding regions of DNA
or d. a SNP is present in at least 1% of the population

Answer 2

D a SNP is present in at least 1% of the population. SNPS happen in any region of the DNA gene codes for protein. if SNP it is present in at least 1% of the population. seperates it from a mutation can monitor it throughout the population not a random one.

Question 3

In vitro Fertilization (IVF) benefits (in vitro= in glass, (in the laboratoryu)

Answer 3

helps concieve. pre implatation genetic scfeening/ diagnosis (pgs & pgd) includes: gender identification, chromosomal number analysis, and identification of disease predispositions. also 3 genetic modification of human embryos in the future?

Question 4

9 million babies have been born globally since 1978. ~_ of all birthes in the us are assisted with the aid of biotechnology annually.

Answer 4

~2%

Question 5

pre-implantation genetic screening/diagnosis PGS &PGD are from embryos retrieved, fertilized and grown for _________

Answer 5

3-5 days

Question 6

after the embryos are retriezed fertilized and gown for 2-5 days during pre-implantation genetic screening/diagnosis (PGS & PGD)
a few cells are microsurgically removed and the embryos____

Answer 6

are frozen. then the dna from the cells is amplified using pcr and analyzed for abnormalities. healthy embryos are saved and used in future ivf implatation cycles.

Question 7

during preimplantation and genetic screening/diagnosis (PGS & PGd) the dna from the cells are amplified using ____ and analyzed for any abnormalities if there is any.

Answer 7

using PCR

Question 8

more clinics are moving towards testing embryos on day 5 because at that stage the cells removed are precursor____, leaving the cells of the embryo undisturbed.

Answer 8

are precursor placenta cells.

Question 9

what does pgs/pgd test for?
1 aneuploidy-abnormal number of chromosomes
2single gene disorders
3 autosomal recessive disorders ex PKU
autosomal dominant dis orders in rare cases hungtinton
x-linked disroders
6 all of the above

Answer 9

6 all of the above

Question 10

PGS VS PGD main difference

Answer 10

pgs= chromosomes no aneuploidy
PGD genetic diagnosis genetic disorder that both patient and partner are carriers of.

Question 11

why does aneuploidy increase with maternal age?

Answer 11

loss cohesion between homologues increases with agg. the little loops conexting chromosomes. abnormal two chromatids.normal one chromatid.

Question 12

what are stem cells?

Answer 12

stem cells are unspecialized cells, that have the potential to give rise to many kinds of specialized cells

Question 13

what are stem cells used for?

Answer 13

used to repait and renew the body.

Question 14

t/f stem cells are considered immortal (can divide indefinitely) where as a typical cell is usually differentiated (specialized) for some function in the body and has alimited lifespan.

Answer 14

true. immortal

Question 15

2 types of stem cells

Answer 15

embryonic and adult stem cells

Question 16

toti potent embryonic stem cells

Answer 16

the potential to becomeall types of cells including of being capable of dividing and developing to form a complete mature organism. top of stem cell hierarchy.

Question 17

pluripotent embryonic stem cells

Answer 17

the potential to become ALMOST all types of cells. many cell types.

Question 18

Multipotent adult stem cells

Answer 18

the potential to become MORE THAN ONE type of cell.
example adult blood stem cells in bone marrow–cana gi ve rise to red and white blood cells.

Question 19

the source of totipotent stem cells is from day ___ of embryonic cells

Answer 19

3 : compaction phase. from the tight cell junction

Question 20

the source of pluripotent stem cells is during day___ of embryonic

Answer 20

5: cavitation phase. specifically the inner cell mass

Question 21

during day 12 of embryonic cell formatoin there are three types of areas that can become variations of cells. what three types of derm are there?

Answer 21

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 22

the ectoderm is what forms

Answer 22

the hair skin nails, eyes, brain and spinal cord.

Question 23

the mesoderm is what forms

Answer 23

forms the muscles, bones, and circulatory system

Question 24

he endoderm is what forms

Answer 24

forms digerstive system and respiratory system

Question 25

human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research should be derived from human embryos created using _____ with voluntary written conscent that the human embryos be used for research purposes by the donors.

Answer 25

in vitro fertilization for reproductive purposes no longer needed because they had a sucessful implantation and you get a lot through the invitro lab start . lots of cells.

Question 26

the ability to induce cells into a pluripotent state was initially pionereed in ____ using mouse fibroblasts and four transcription factors . this technique called reprogramming earned ____ and ____ the noble prize in physiology or medicine 2012.

Answer 26

shinya ytamanaka and jjohn gurdon.

Question 27

adult cell+ iPS programming factors = iPS cells that can

Answer 27

become the three derms. mesoderm (middle), endoderm (internal layer) and ectoderm (external layer)

Question 28

Ips Stem cell therapy and research

Answer 28

useing for example a mouse with sickle cell anemia, collecting skin cells, reprograming into ED like iPS cells, genetically identical ips cells, correcting the mutation, geneticlally corrected ips cells, differentiate into blod stem cells and stransplant into a recovered mouse.

Question 29

adult step cells- unipotent- stem cells in a small region of most organs, known as the “stem cell niche” are used as a source of cells for that____

Answer 29

sepcific organ. copy this chart from sess 26 onto sheet

Question 30

what is cordbanking?

Answer 30

a service offered to new parents, giving them the option to collect and store blood and/or tissue from their new born childs umbilical cord.

Question 31

benefits of cord banking

Answer 31

cord blood-hematopoietic stem ce lls- can differentiate into nerve, muscle and cartilage
cord tissue- a source of mesenchymal stem cells- can differentiate into nerve, muscle and cartilage.

companies via and americord

Question 32

immunodeficiencies, blood disorgers, cancers, bone marrow failular syndromes, metabolic disorders and other things are all diseases that could be trested with

Answer 32

cord blood.

Question 33

fda ewarns about stem cell therapies becauseee

Answer 33

administration site reactions,
the ability of cells to move from placement sites and change into inappropriate cell types or multiply
failular of cells to work as expected
the growth of tumors but can stop it
even if stem cells are your own cells, there are still safety rishes suchs as those noted above in addition, if cells are manipulated after removal there is a risk of contamination of the cells.