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Earth Science > THE FINAL > Flashcards

THE FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is not an example of the possible steps in the scientific method
(1) the development of one or more working hypothesis
(2) the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement
(3) assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation
(4) development of observations and experiments to test the hypothesis

A

(3)

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2
Q

How old is the Universe?

A

13.8 billion years old

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3
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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4
Q

What percentage of the universe’s mass makes up everything we can all see

A

5%

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5
Q

What is our galaxy called

A

the milky way

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6
Q

Which color stars have the coolest surface temperature?

A

red

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7
Q

Which color stars have the highest surface temperature?

A

blue

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8
Q

What is the most cataclysmic event to occur in our universe?

A

a supernova

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9
Q

Which class of stars does our Sun belong to?

A

main-sequence star

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10
Q

The discovery that the universe appears to be expanding led to the widely excepted theory called…?

A

the Big Bang

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?
(1) radio waves
(2) x-rays
(3) visible light
(4) Gravity
(5) gamma rays

A

(4)

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12
Q

How do astronomers determine whether a galaxy is approaching or moving away from Earth?

A

The Doppler Principle

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13
Q

what layer of the sun radiates the most light onto earth

A

photosphere

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14
Q

What is the source of the suns energy

A

nuclear fusion

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15
Q

How does the sun convert energy

A

hydrogen nuclei to helium nuclei

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16
Q

what do streams of protons from the sun produce?

A

the solar wind

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17
Q

What hypothesis explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles?

A

nebular hypothesis

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18
Q

How did the lunar maria most likely originate

A

huge impact basins that were nearly filled with lava flows

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19
Q

What is the oldest lunar feature?

A

rugged highlands

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20
Q

Where is the asteroid belt located?

A

between jupiter and mars

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21
Q

What were most of the craters of the moon created by

A

the impact of meteroids

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22
Q

all of the planets, asteroids, and comets make up what percentage of our solar system?

A

0.2%

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23
Q

What is the closest galaxy to the milky way

A

Andromeda

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24
Q

How far away is the andromeda galaxy in light years

A

2 million

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25
Q

What are the 4 sciences of earth science

A

astronomy, oceanology, geology, and meteorology

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26
Q

Earth is the… planet from the sun

A

3rd

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27
Q

How many light years across is our galaxy

A

100,000

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28
Q

How many stars are in our galaxy

A

200 billion

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29
Q

What is the MO state mineral

A

lead/galena

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30
Q

what is the chemical formula of lead?

A

PbS

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31
Q

How do you define a mineral and a rock?

A

In a mineral the consistent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated combination of different mineral grains

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32
Q

Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?
(1) electron
(2) protons
(3) selection
(4) neutron

A

(3)

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33
Q

What are atoms that have an electrical charge due to a gain or loss of electrons?

A

ions

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34
Q

What minerals are the hardest known in the industry?

A

diamond

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35
Q

Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?

A

Calcite

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36
Q

Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?

A

quartz

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37
Q

Which of the following minerals is a silicate?
(1) calcite
(2) feldspar
(3) hematite
(4) halite

A

(2)

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38
Q

What kind of mineral group exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?

A

micas

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39
Q

the ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by what?

A

four oxygen ions

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40
Q

all silicate minerals contain which two elements?

A

silicon and oxygen

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41
Q

What element is the most abundant in the Earth’s crust by weight?

A

oxygen

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42
Q

Which one of the following is not true for minerals?
A) they have a specific, internal, crystalline structure
B) they can be identified by characteristic physical features
C) they have a specific, predictable chemical composition
D) they can be a liquid, solid or glass

A

D) they can be a liquid, solid, or glass

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43
Q

which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth’s crust?

A

silicates

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44
Q

a combination of one or more minerals is called a

A

rocks

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45
Q

in igneous rocks, as the rate of cooling increases (faster cooling), the size of the crystals that form

A

decreases

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46
Q

which one of the following is an igneous rock?
A) slate
B) rhyolite
C) limestone
D) shale

A

rhyolite

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47
Q

intrusive igneous rocks
A) are generally fine-grained
B) are often quite vesicular
C) form at Earth’s surface
D) none of the above

A

D

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48
Q

Granite and gabbro

A

have a similar texture

49
Q

Obsidian exhibits a ___ texture

A

glassy

50
Q

Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock

A

granite

51
Q

the texture of an igneous rock

A

records the rock’s cooling history

52
Q

Igneous rock is formed

A

by crystallization of molten rock

53
Q

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of

A

particle size

54
Q

which rock type formed as a result of sediments deposited from a high-energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream?

A

conglomerate

55
Q

the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is

A

limestone

56
Q

____ is a strong, parallel alignment of different mineral bonds in a metamorphic rock

A

foliation

57
Q

what changes may occur during metamorphism

A

crystals may grow larger
the rock becomes more compact
certain minerals may recrystallize

58
Q

the common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is

A

marble

59
Q

the primary agent of contact metamorphism

A

heat

60
Q

list the rocks in order of increasing grain size and increasing grade (strength) of metamorphism
Phyllite
Slate
Schist

A

slate, phyllite, schist

61
Q

What is the source of an earthquake’s energy?

A

focus

62
Q

Which of the following statements is correct
(a) P and S waves travel through liquids, but P waves do not travel through solids
(b) S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids
(c) P and S waves travel through liquids, but waves do not travel through solids
(d) P waves travel through solids but S waves do not

A

(b)

63
Q

What is the instrument that records earthquakes

A

seismograph

64
Q

What is the position on earth surface directly above the earthquake source called

A

epicenter

65
Q

What is the most destructive seismic wave

A

surface waves

66
Q

What is the record of an earthquake that comes from a seismograph called?

A

seismogram

67
Q

where does most of our knowledge about earth surface come from

A

seismic waves

68
Q

What is the dense core of earth predominately made of?

A

iron

69
Q

What is the lithosphere defined as

A

a rigid layer of crustal and mantel materials

70
Q

The average composition of the oceanic crust is thought to approximate that of

A

basalt

71
Q

The average composition of the continental crust mostly approximates that of…?

A

granite

72
Q

The asthenosphere is located

A

in the upper mantel

73
Q

The former late paleozoic super continent is know as

A

Pangea

74
Q

What energy source is thought to drive the lateral motions of earth lithospheric plates

A

export heat from deep in the mantel to the top of the asthenosphere

75
Q

Which one of the following most accurately describes the volcanoes of the Hawaiian island
(a) strato volcanoes associated with a mid pacific transform fault
(b) strato volcanoes associated with subduction and a convergent plate boundary
(c) shield volcanoes associated with a mid pacific ridge and spreading center
(d) shield volcanoes fed to be a long-lived hotspot below the pacific lithospheric plate

A

(d)

76
Q

New oceanic crust in the lithosphere is formed at

A

divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

77
Q

cooler older oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantel at

A

subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries

78
Q

which of the following factors helps determine whether a volcanic eruption will be violent or relatively dormant
(a)the temperature of the magma
(b) composition of the magma
(c) amount of dissolved gas in the magma
(d) all of the above

A

(d)

79
Q

Which if the following is associated with deep mantel hotspots
(a) mount st. Helens and other volcanoes of the cascade mountains
(b) the volcanoes of Hawaii and quaternary activity in Yellowstone national park
(c) the very young cinder cones scattered across the south western USA
(d) Vesuvius and the other volcanoes of Italy

A

(b)

80
Q

what is the most violent volcanic activity associated with it?

A

composite cones

81
Q

Kilauea (the big island of hawaii) is an example of what type of volcano

A

Shield

82
Q

Which one of the following best describes volcanism in the cascade range
(a) related to a mantel hot spot
(b) related to a mid oceanic ridge system
(c) related to plate subduction
(d) related to deep transform faults

A

(c)

83
Q

The _____ in California is the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates

A

San Andreas Strike Slip Fault

84
Q

Folded limestones that occur high in the Himalayas were originally deposited as sediments in a

A

The marine basin between India and Eurasia

85
Q

What is an unconformity

A

a buried surface of erosion separating young strata above from older strata below

86
Q

a worm would stand a poor chance of being fossilized because

A

worms are squishy

87
Q

by applying the principle of superposition _____ dates can be determined

A

relative

88
Q

About 88% of geologic time is represented by the time span called the …

A

Pre Cambrian

89
Q

Which of the following gases was NOT part of Earth original atmosphere
(a) nitrogen
(b) oxygen
(c) carbon dioxide
(d) water vapor

A

(b)

90
Q

The most common Precambrian fossils are …

A

stromatolites

91
Q

What are the most widespread early paleozoic fossils?

A

brachiopods

92
Q

mammals became the dominant land animals during the ____ era?

A

Cenozoic

93
Q

the major source of free oxygen in the atmosphere ___

A

green plants

94
Q

Abundant fossil evidence did not appear in the geologic record about?

A

500 million years ago

95
Q

The process in which plants use light energy to synthesize food sugars from carbon dioxide

A

photosynthesis

96
Q

the beginning of the ____ era is marked by the appearance of the first life forms with hard parts

A

Paleozoic

97
Q

By the close of the paleozoic, all the continents had fused into the single supercontinent

A

Pangea

98
Q

Earth’s primitive atmosphere evolved from gases that

A

expelled from within by volcanoes

99
Q

the first true terrestrial land animals were

A

reptiles

100
Q

the ___ era was a time of major extinctions, including 75% of amphibian families

A

late paleozoic

101
Q

which of the following is an essential characteristic of an index fossil

A

an organism that only lived for a short period of geologic time

102
Q

the supercontinent of pangea began to break up during which era

A

mesozoic

103
Q

which era is sometimes called the age of dinosaurs

A

Mesozoic

104
Q

One group of dinosaurs exemplified by the fossil Archaeopteryx led to the evolution of what?

A

birds

105
Q

mammals first appeared around what time?

A

late Mesozoic

106
Q

dinosaurs first appeared around what time.

A

early mesozoic

107
Q

Which era of human has or had the larger brain

A

neanderthals

108
Q

Hominids first evolved how many million years ago

A

7-10

109
Q

Missouri state fossil is

A

crinoids

110
Q

Dinosaurs went extinct how many years ago

A

65 million

111
Q

How many major extinctions have there been?

A

5

112
Q

How long did hominids evolve from plant eaters to meat eaters?

A

2-3 million years ago

113
Q

The single most important erosional agent is?

A

water

114
Q

A ____ is the icile-like cave fetures that grows down from the roof of a cavern

A

stalagtite

115
Q

caves most commonly form in what?

A

limestone

116
Q

permeable rock strata or sediment that transmit groundwater are called

A

aquifer

117
Q

Where is the world’s largest ice sheet located today?

A

Antarctica

118
Q

During the most recent ice age glaciers and ice sheets covered about _____% of earth land area

A

30%

Earth Science (4 decks)

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