C1 routes of infection

Question 1

5 types of transmission of infection

Answer 1

1. person to person
2. orally- food
3. contaminated water
4. vector
5. fomites -non living object

Question 2

3 routes of person to person transmission

Answer 2

1. direct contact
2. contaminated blood/body fluids/saliva (may be air borne)
3. vertical transmission - mother to foetus

Question 3

3 routes of person to person transmission

Answer 3

1. direct contact
2. contaminated blood/body fluids/saliva (may be air borne)
3. vertical transmission - mother to foetus

Question 4

contaminated blood/body fluids/salvia can do what- example and stages

Answer 4

one infection can make you more susceptible to another
herpes simplex virus t2 may increase a woman’s susceptibility to HIV1
1. initiation of a clinical or subclinical mucosal inflammatory response
2. alteration of innate mucosal immunity
3. weakening or breaching the protective genital epithelia

Question 5

vertical transmission examples

Answer 5

occurs in a variety of pathogens
parasitic - protozoa- toxoplasma gondii, trypanosome infections
bacteria
yeast

Question 6

study in early onset infections in low birth weight newborns in polish NICU names

Answer 6

septicemia 7%
pneumonia 8.6%
septicemia- +ve cocci 47.8%
-ve bacilli (33.3%)
yeast like fungi (7.9%)

Question 7

examples of orally transmitted antigens

Answer 7

contaminated with variety of organisms
parasites, bacteria, viruses
food poisoning- traceable

Question 8

contaminated water examples

Answer 8

oral or by bathing/swimming
Ig faeces can contain 10 million viruses, 1mill bacteria, 1000 parasite cysts, 100 parasite eggs

Question 9

in 2002 how many cholera cases were reported

Answer 9

120,000

Question 10

4 billion cases of diarrhoea per year cause how many deaths and how many where in children under 5

Answer 10

1.8 million deaths
over 90% (1.6 million) under 5 years old
repeated episodes make childen more vulnerable to other diseases and malnutrition

Question 11

what are schistosome parasites and their life cycle

Answer 11

schistosome parasites- ceraria released from an infected snail can penetrate the skin and infect people
1. adult worm (about 1cm)
2. egg (140 micrometers)
3. miracidia (180 micrometers)
4. snail- intermediate host
5. ceraria (300micrometres)

Question 12

what are schistosome parasites and their life cycle

Answer 12

schistosome parasites- ceraria released from an infected snail can penetrate the skin and infect people
1. adult worm (about 1cm)
2. egg (140 micrometers)
3. miracidia (180 micrometers)
4. snail- intermediate host
5. ceraria (300micrometres)

Question 13

vector borne diseases

Answer 13

infections transmitted by the bite of an infected arthropod species such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, sandflys, blackflies, fleas.

Question 14

what is leishmaniasis

Answer 14

is a protozoan parasitic infection caused by leishmania is transmitted to human beings through the bite of an infected female sandfly
-diff forms depending on infecting host species/host response

Question 15

the different types of leishmaniasis

Answer 15

cutaneous leishmaniasis
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
visceral leishmaniasis
post dermal kala azar

Question 16

what is an airborne virus of the family flavivirdae and how is it transmitted

Answer 16

tick borne encephalitis
transmitted by ticks (predom lxodes ricinus) that act as both vectors and as reservoirs

Question 17

what is the infection from bacterial spirochete borrelia burgdorferi and how is it transmitted

Answer 17

lyme borreliosis
transmitted to hukan beings during the blood feeding of hard ticks of the genus lxodes

Question 18

what is the virus/type of virus/fatality rate/transmission from the bunyaviridae family

Answer 18

crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
RNA virus
fatality rate10-40%
transmitted by hyalomma spp ticks from domestic and wild animals (zoonosis)

Question 19

examples of where you can be infected through fomites

Answer 19

bedding, toys, towels, contaminated surfaces
flu virus on surfaces
fungi-athletes foot