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Bio1000 > chapter 6 photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life > Flashcards

chapter 6 photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life Flashcards

1
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the energy of sunlight is used to rearrange the atoms of carbon dioxide and water, producing organic molecules and releasing oxygen.

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2
Q

Where does photosynthesis takes place in plants and algae?

A

it takes place in chlroplast

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3
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

02 is consumed
as organic molecules are broken down to C02 and H20 the
cell captures the energy released as ATP

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4
Q

where does cellular respiration take place in eukaryotes? and in the cells?

A

takes place in mitochondria (of almost all eukaryotes)
in the cells of plants, animals, fungi and protists.

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5
Q

The C02 and H20 released by cellular respiration are converted through _______ to ____ and ____, which are then used in respiration. These processes are fundamental illustrations of the theme of energy and matter.

A

photosynthesis. sugar and 02

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6
Q

respiration refers to …..

A

an exchange of gases

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7
Q

what is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

organic molecules and 02

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8
Q

what is the equation of cellular respiration?

A

Glucose (C6H1206)+ 6 Oxygen (02)= 6 Carbon dioxide (C02) + 6 Water (h20)+ ATP

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9
Q

True or false. Does photosynthesis and cellular respiration both occur in prokaryotic?

A

True they both do

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10
Q

What happens during the chemical conversion of cellular respiration?

A

inhaled oxygen atoms become part of water in your cells.

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11
Q

process that generates ATP for cellular work

A

cellular respiration

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12
Q

What is an example of exergonic reaction?

A

an example of this term could be glucose.

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13
Q

Define what the term glucose means

A

simple sugar that the cells use the most for fuel, with other organic molecules as well (carbs, fats, etc.)

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14
Q

What’s another term for saying exergonic reaction?

A

energy releasing

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15
Q

How do cells get energy from fuel molecules?

A

By transfer of electrons

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16
Q

Set an example of energonic

A

an example of this term could be photosynthesis

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17
Q

True or false. Oxygen attracts electrons the most ?

A

True

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18
Q

Define redox reaction

A

transfer of electrons from one molecule to another

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19
Q

define what oxidation is

A

loss electrons from one substance to another

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20
Q

addition of electrons to another substance to another

A

reduction

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21
Q

Why does oxidation an deduction always goes together

A

because electron requires both a donor and an acceptor

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22
Q

describe the two example of redox reactions

A

oxidation and reduction

oxidation:loss of an electron
reduction: addition of an electrons to another substance

23
Q

describe how redox reaction is present in cellular respiration

A

glucose loses hydrogen atoms as it is oxidized to C02, stimultaneously, 02 gains hydrogen atoms as it is reduced to H20.

24
Q

what is exergonic process

A

movement of electrons from glucose to oxygen

25
Q

What is an NAD/NADH?

A

NAD is a coenzyme that is important within the process of oxidizing glucose, it accepts electrons and becomes reduced to NADH

26
Q

A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during a series of redox reactions that reactions that release energy use to make ATP, located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.

A

electron transport chain

27
Q

Name the three stages in cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation and the citric cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

28
Q

described what the function of glyclolysis is

A

happens in the cytosol in the cell. breaks the glucose into two molecules of a three carbon compound called pyruvate

29
Q

Describe the function of pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

A

occurs within the mitochondria. both processes complete the breakdown of glucose into the carbon dioxide

30
Q

what is the main purpose of stage 1 and stage 3 in the cellular respiration main stages ?

A

to supply stage 3 with electrons

31
Q

What is stage 3 (oxidation pohosphylaration)

A
  • involves electron transport and chemoiosis

-NADH and FADH2 shuttle the electrons to the electron
transport chains within the inner mitochondrial membrane.

-Most of the ATP is produced here, this is done by using the energy released by redox reactions in the ETC.

electrons are passed to 02 and become reduced to H20.

32
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP

33
Q

What is the main purpose of glycolysis?

A

to split sugar

34
Q

Rundown of glycolysis harvesting chemical energy by oxidation glucose to pyruvate

A

this process begins with a single molecule of glucose and ends with two molecules of pyruvate

  • glucose has 6 carbons - 2 pyruvate (3 carbons each)
    this process requires 9 enzymes catalyzed reactions

When glucose is oxidized - 2 molecules of NAD are reduced to NADH producing 2 molecules of ATP

35
Q

describe a brief description of substrate level phosphorylation

A

how ATP is formed through glycolysis, an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ATP. Majority of ATP production occurs in stage 3.

36
Q

what happens to the breakdown occurring in glycolysis

A

it releases energy and is stored in ATP and NADH

37
Q

true or false. ATP cannot be use instantly but NADH can be used instantly.

A

False. ATP can be used instantly and NADH needs to be pass down to electrons to the ETC within the inner mitochondrial membrane.

38
Q

what is an intermediate

A

an intermediate is compounds that form between an initial reactant and a final product

39
Q

steps of glycolysis can be formed into 2 phases, what are they?

A

energy investment phase and energy payoff phase

40
Q

What happens in energy investment phase?

A

this phase consumes energy.

41
Q

Elaborate the energy investment phase

A

two molecules are used to add a phosphate to each glucose molecule, which is then split into two small suagrs.

42
Q

True or false.
Sequences of 3 chemical reactions convert glucose to an energized intermediate in energy investment phase.

A

TRUE

43
Q

This phase yields for energy for the cell.

A

Energy pay off phase

44
Q

Describe the steps of glycolysis can be formed into 2 phases:

A

Energy investment phase
step 1-3 shows how glucose is energized, using ATP
Step 4- A six carbon intermediate splits into two three carbon intermediates

Energy payoff phase
Step 5 - A redox reaction generates NADH
Sep 6-9 ATP pyruvate are produced

45
Q

Stage 2 : The citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules, elaborate the step further

A

Pyruvate is produced at the end of glycolysis
- it is transported from the cytosol into a mitochondrion, this is where citric acid cycle and oxidative phophorylation occur.

46
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A

This is still a part of stage 2

Pyruvate enters a series of redox reactions that produce acetyl coA and NADH
- a large multi enzyme complex catalyses these reaction in 3 steps.
1. loses a carbon and two oxygens as C02= C02 is then released during cellular respiration
2.Remaining two carbon compound is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH
3.Compound called coenzyme join the two-carbon group to form a molecule called acetyl coenzyme also known as acetyl coA.

47
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

consists of a circular series of enzyme catalyzed reactions
- biochemical outputs are produced from - one acetyl coA: two molecules of C02, one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules and one molecule of the electron carrier FADH2.

  • two acetyl coA molecules were derived from two pyruvate molecules - this mean that the cycle runs twice.

** most energy extracted from each glucose molecule is stored in NADH and FADH2

48
Q

True or false In order for the cell to get some energy in NADH and FADH2, molecules must shuttle their high energy electrons to an electron transport chain.

A

True

49
Q

How many C02 and ATP molecules have been produced after stages 1 and 2 (per one molecule of glucose)

A

Six C02 are produced (all stage 2), and 4 ATP (two glycolysis and two in citric acid cycle)

50
Q

Why is citric acid cycle called a cycle?

A

It consists of a circular series of enzyme catalyzed reactions. This cycle also runs twice-doubled for each glucose molecule processed.

51
Q

How many outputs are produced, from one acetyl coA

A

two molecules of CO2, one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules and one molecule of the electron carrier FADH2.

52
Q

Describe major steps of citric acid cycle, and how many are they?

A

There are 6 major steps

  1. Starts with the stripping of the CoA part from the acetyl CoA, combining the two carbon groups with the four carbon molecule oxaloacetate present in the mitochondria. product - six carbon mole. citrate
  2. and 3. NADH, ATP and CO2 are generated during redox reactions - end of step 3 4 carbon succinate appears

4-6. redox reactions generate more FADH2 and NADH - succinate oxidizes as electron carrier FAD reduces to FADH2.
fumarate - malate oxidizes as last NAD is reduced to NADH

53
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation involve?

A

This process involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, and where 90% of ATP is generated in cellular respiration happens.

54
Q

Name if the following events are true: if not point out where it is wrong
One molecule of glucose

Glycolysis: occurs in the cytosol, oxidizes into 2 molecules pyruvate and produces 2 molecules of NADH and produces a net of 2 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

within the mitochondrion the oxidation of 2 pyruvates yields 2 NADH and 2 acetyl coA

2 acetyl coA feeds into the citric acid cycle yielding 6 NADH and 6 ATP and 2 FADH2 by substrate level phosphorylation. Glucose has been completely ionized to C02.

NADH and FADH2 will deliver electrons to the electron transport chain which is passed to water, forming 02. The energy released is used to move H+ into the inter membrane space. The resulting H+ gradient is tapped by ATP synthase and is used to produce 28 molecules of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (ADP-ATP)

Total yield of ATP per glucose: about 34

Because FADH2 adds to its electrons farther along the electron transport chain , it contributes more to the H+ gradient and will generate more ATP.

A

The following does not following ALL correct events, it is not 6 ATP but 2 ATP and total yield of ATP pr glucose is not 34 but 32 and last sentence contains fallacy as yes it does add to its electron farther along the electron transport chain, however it contributes less to the H+ gradient and generate less ATP.

Bio1000 (11 decks)

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