chapter 7 photosynthesis powers most life on earth

Question 1

Process where plants use solar energy to convert to carbon dioxide and water to organic molecules and release oxygen as a by product

Answer 1

photosynthesis

Question 2

Autotrophs

Answer 2

self feeders, they make their own food. Ultimate organic molecules for almost all other organisms ex: plants

Question 3

Photoautotrophs

Answer 3

use energy from light to synthesize organic molecules. Producers of the biosphere because they produce food supply that organisms can tap in

Question 4

Heterotrophs

Answer 4

producers that feed the consumers of the biosphere, which means they cant make their own food and must consume plants or animals or decompose organic material

Question 5

in plants what are the major site of photosynthesis?

Answer 5

their leaves

Question 6

All plants green pigment comes from what?

Answer 6

chlorophyll

Question 7

define chrophyll

Answer 7

light absorbing pigment in the chloroplasts that play a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy

Question 8

Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the _____ the green tissue of the plant.

Answer 8

mesophyll

Question 9

C02 and 02 exits through the tiny pores called ….

Answer 9

stomata

Question 10

Leaves use their ____ to absorb water and export manufactured sugar to the roots and other parts of the cell.

Answer 10

veins

Question 11

the envelope of two membranes that enclose an inner compartment and is filled with a thick fluid

Answer 11

stroma

Question 12

Within the stroma has a system of interconnected membranous sacs called

Answer 12

thylakoids space

Question 13

Most of the time, thylakoids are concentrated in stacks called

Answer 13

grana

Question 14

Name the procedure: recall that his procedure includes… :
Harvest energy stored in glucose by oxidsing teh sugar C02 and reducing 02 to H20. This involved redox reactions, electrons losing potential energy as they pass down an electron transport chain to 02, mitochondrion uses some energy to synthesize ATP

Answer 14

cellular respiration

Question 15

Why way do electrons move in photosynthesis?

Answer 15

Water is split, and its electron are transferred along the hydrogen ion to C02, reducing its sugar.Potential energy go up when they move from H20 to C02, the energy boost is provide by the light energy captured by chrophyll molecules in the chloroplast.

Question 16

true or false
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages , which are linked by ATP and Acetyl cOA with a unique combination of NADPH

Answer 16

false, it’s only linked by atp and NADPH

Question 17

occur on and inside the thylakoids, in this reaction it includes the steps that convert light energy to chemical energy and release 02.

Answer 17

light reactions

Question 18

distinguish the difference between NADP and NADPH

Answer 18

the difference between the two is that there is an extra phosphate group in NADPH

Question 19

NAPDH also stores….

Answer 19

electrons and provides reducing power to calvin cycle (temporarily).

Question 20

absorb solar energy and convert it to the chemical energy stored in both ATP and NADPH, they also produce no sugar and are not made until the calvin cycle

Answer 20

light reactions

Question 21

what is the second stage of photosynthesis?

Answer 21

calvin cycle

Question 22

this cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
- series of reactions that assembles sugar molecules using c02 and the energy-rich products of the light reactions

Answer 22

calvin cycle

Question 23

incorporation of carbon from C02 into organic compounds, and C02 entering the calvin cycle is called….. and after this procedure what happens to the carbon compounds

Answer 23

carbon fixation, the carbon compounds are reduced to sugars

Question 24

The Calvin cycle can be referred to as dark cycle or light independent reactions, this us due to the fact that……

Answer 24

none of the steps require light directly.

Question 25

sunlight is a type of energy called…..

Answer 25

radiation or electromagnetic energy

Question 26

the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves is called…..

Answer 26

wavelength

Question 27

fixed quantity of energy, the shorter the wavelength of light, the greater the energy

Answer 27

photon

Question 28

True or false.
Photons of wavelength that are shorter than those of visible light have enough energy to damage molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

Answer 28

true

Question 29

participates directly in the light reactions, absorbs mainly blue-violet and red light

Answer 29

chlrophyll a

Question 30

absorbs mainly blue and orange light

Answer 30

chlorophyll b

Question 31

in these following characteristics…..
Describe the term :
- chloroplast pigment
-various shades of yellow and orange

Answer 31

carotenoids

Question 32

In these following characteristics
describe the term:
- the colour is due in part to the yellow-orange hues of longer-lasting carotenoids that show through once the green chlorophyll breaks down
-may broaden the spectrum of colours that can drive photosynthesis
-important function can be photoreaction: some absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that would damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen to from reaction oxidative that can damage the cell molecules

Answer 32

carotenoids

Question 33

True or false.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, however it can be transferred or transformed

Answer 33

true

Question 34

in an excited state, all high energy states are stable. True or false

Answer 34

false, it is unstable

Question 35

define what fluorescence mean

Answer 35

illuminated solution of chlorophyll isolated for chloroplasts produces a reddish glow

Question 36

in the thylakoid memebrane chlrophyll moles are organized into clusters called

Answer 36

photosystems

Question 37

what are the two kinds of complex of photosystems

Answer 37

photosystems 1 and photosystem 2

Question 38

the reaction centre complex contains a pair of special chlrophyll a molecules and a molecule called the……

Answer 38

primary electron

Question 39

when an electron from a reaction-centre chlorophyll a is boosted to a higher energy level, it is immediately captured by the _______ acceptor. This is the first step in the transformation of light energy to chemical energy in the light reactions.

Answer 39

primary electron acceptor

Question 40

each of the two types of photosystems has a characteristics _________

Answer 40

reaction-centre-complex

Question 41

How do captured electrons lead to production of ATP and NADPH?

Answer 41

-part of it is found in the arrangement of photosystems II in the thylakoid membrane and their connection via ETC

-another part of the explanation involves flow of electrons removed from H20 through these components of NADPH

-final part of explanation, the synthesis of ATP is linked as it is cellular respiration to an electron transport chain pumping H+ into a membrane compartment from which the ions through an ATP synthase embedded in the membrane.

Question 42

what is the source of electrons that are moving through photosystems to NADPH?

Answer 42

The all important electrons from water are passed, one by one, to the reaction centre chlorophyll a “ a molecules in photosystem I, and again replacing photo excited electrons that had been captured by primary electron acceptor.

Question 43

chemiosmotic production of ATP( and the initial energy input is light)

Answer 43

photophosphorylation

Question 44

the calvin cycle functions like a _____ factory within where? which can be determined by as what?

Answer 44

functions like a sugar factory within a chloroplast which can also be determined by light independent cycle

Question 45

determine the key points of calvin cycle

Answer 45

• important food making processes are c02 from the air and ATP and NADPH (both generated by teh light reactions)
  -the output of the Calvin cycle is an energy rich three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
  -a plant cell uses G3P to make glucose, the disaccharide sucrose, and other organic molecules as needed.

Question 46

what are the steps of calvin cycle distinguish them?

Answer 46

step 1:carbon fixation ,the enzyme rubisco attaches C02 to RuBP. (Recall that carbon fixation refers to the initial incorporation of C02 into organic compounds.) This unstable six-carbon molecule splits into two three-carbon molecules.

step 2: reduction, ATP and NADPH are used to reduce the three-carbon molecule to G3P. For this to be a cycle, RuBP must be regenerated.

Step 3, release of one molecule of G3P, you can see that for every three C02 molecules fixed, one G3P molecule leaves the cycle as a product.

In step 4: 1 regeneration of RuBP, the remaining five G3P molecules are rearranged, using energy from ATP to regenerate three molecules of RuBP.

Question 47

rundown of photosynthesis:
where does that energy from the electron go?

Answer 47

photosystem 2 and all of proteins the light dependent reactions straddle the membrane of the thylakoids in the chlorophyll

this process involves the electron transport chain- the energy leaps onto a mobile electron carrier

Now the chloroplast freaks out and splits the h2O and the byproduct of water splitting? Hydrogen ions, which in the end will fill the thylakoids with protons and creates a concentration gradient for ATP synthase - ADP to ATP

Question 48

photon hits a chlrophyll, electron will then absorb that energy and get excited (unstable)

Answer 48

light dependent reaction

Question 49

briefly describe the stages: photosystem I calvin cycle, second stage ,etc.

Answer 49

Photosystems I
Photons get excited and get transported by electron carriers, now that energy will be used to make NADPH, which carries energy around (like ATP)
Enzyme that combines 2 hydrogens and one oxygen - NADP+
In the end - chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, byproduct - OXYGEN\
Calvin cycle- dont require energy from photons light independent reactions - beings in the stroma
Carbon fixation: starting point and end point RuBP, CO2 is fixed to RuBP and the whole thing gets unstable - breaks apart into 2 molecules of 3 phosphoglycerate, first stable products of the first stage
Second stage - reduction - ATP slams a phosphate group onto Phosphoglycerate, product Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate(G3P) - plant can turn this into any carb (glucose etc) ultimate product of photosynthesis
Last phase of calvin cycle - regeneration