MOD 2 Introduction to Evolution

Question 1

Mutation

Answer 1

A random change in the DNA code that might change the resulting protein

E.g growing a third arm

Question 2

Gene Flow

Answer 2

When organisms leave or arrive
(emigrated + immigrated)

E.g when birds migrate

Question 3

Genetic Drift

Answer 3

Random events

E.g getting hit by lightning

Question 4

Natural Selection

Answer 4

A natural force which makes it easier for some organisms and harder for others to survive

E.g owls eat the red mice because they can be seen more easily

Question 5

Selective mating / Sexual selection

Answer 5

Choosing who to mate with by characteristics

E.g choosing the bird who is most colourful

Question 6

Artificial selection

Answer 6

When people decide which individuals survive and reproduce

E.g hunters killing deer

Question 7

Adaptive Trait

Answer 7

When the trait suits the environment and helps the organism (with the trait) to survive selective pressure

E.g bunnies with longer legs (adaptive trait) can push off and gain more speed when running, which means they can escape the foxes (selective pressure)

Question 8

Selective Pressure

Answer 8

The effect of selection on the relative frequency of one or more genes within a population

E.g foxes are the selective pressure on the bunnies as they can affect the bunny population

Question 9

Reproductive Success

Answer 9

How many offspring an organism leaves

E.g the bunny who has 5 offspring has more reproductive success than a bunny who has 3

Question 10

Evolution

Answer 10

The change in the genes of a population over time

E.g humans have evolved to be taller over generations

Question 11

Gene

Answer 11

A code in the DNA that determines how a protein is built

E.g the trait of having blue eyes

Question 12

Evolutionary Fitness

Answer 12

The ability to reproduce and pass on genotypes to offspring

E.g increase in offspring = increase in evolutionary fitness

**NOTE: Fitness can also mean how well adapted to the environment an individual is

Question 13

Population

Answer 13

A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

E.g humans / apple trees

Question 14

Reproduction

Answer 14

The production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process

Question 15

Structure-function relationships

Answer 15

A genetic characteristic which controls an aspect of the individuals structure

E.g dogs having longer jaws and more teeth

Question 16

Genetics of behaviour

Answer 16

A genetic which changes or controls an aspect of the individual’s behaviour

E.g birds have a flight behaviour which is innate

Question 17

Structure-function relationships

Answer 17

A genetic characteristic which controls an aspect of the individual’s structure

E.g dogs having longer jaws and more teeth

Question 18

FINISH THE SENTENCE:

Natural selection is guaranteed to ______ _______

Answer 18

Produce adaption

Question 19

WHAT ARE THE FULL WORDS FOR THE EQUATION:

NS=H+V+SP+DSR

Answer 19

Natural selection = ????

Question 20

Why doesn’t natural selection produce perfect organisms?

(6 points)

Answer 20

1. Sex problem - has split genes with other’s inferior genes
2. Environment always changes
3. Mutations
4. “Arms Race” - always upping the trait ‘perfection’
5. Endless possibility of traits causes ambiguity as to what is the ‘perfect’ organism
6. Some adoptions turn out to be less useful later

Question 21

Asexual reproduction

Answer 21

A singular organism creates the offspring, which means it is a clone of the parent organism

E.g yeast

Question 22

Sexual reproduction

Answer 22

When two organisms contribute to creating a hybrid of both parents

E.g penguins

Question 23

Phenotype

Answer 23

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

E.g brown eyes

Question 24

Allele

Answer 24

The code for one of several variations of the protein coded for by a gene (a single base or a segment of bases)

E.g brown eyes are the dominant version of the gene (allele) and blue eyes are the recessive version

Question 25

FINISH THE SENTENCE:
Natural selection gives adaptive traits ways to ______

Answer 25

Flourish

Question 26

True or False:

Evolutionary is on the individual level

Answer 26

True

Evolutionary fitness is determined by how many offspring an INDIVIDUAL has

Question 27

What are Mechanisms of evolution?

Answer 27

Ways in which a population, organism or trait changes

(6 mechanisms)

Question 28

DNA

Answer 28

A self-replicating material that is the main constituent of chromosomes

Carries genetic information

Question 29

Protein

Answer 29

A biological structure that determines how a cell is built and how it functions

Question 30

Fitness

Answer 30

The relative ability of an individual to reproduce successfully by how ADAPTED they are to the environment