Learning 1

Question 1

What is interference in transience?

Answer 1

When other memories get in the way of new memories

Question 2

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 2

New information inhibits our ability to remember old information

Question 3

What is an example of retroactive interference?

Answer 3

Hearing different song lyrics when someone points out alternatives to what it sounds like. Ex: I’m blue dabadee daba daai sounding like im in need of a guy

Question 4

What is proactive interference?

Answer 4

Old information inhibits the ability to remember new information

Question 5

What is an example of proactive interference?

Answer 5

When you updated your password for a website but you think it’s still the old password. OR when on the first few days of the new year you write the wrong date

Question 6

What is learning?

Answer 6

The acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills, or responses that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.

Question 7

What do behaviourists think about learning?

Answer 7

To learn from something you need to directly experience it.

Question 8

Who believe that some behaviours are born, innate and unlearned?

Answer 8

nativists

Question 9

What are the 2 types of behaviours that are unlearned?

Answer 9

instincts and reflexes

Question 10

What do we mean when we say that reflexes and instincts serve an evolutionary purpose?

Answer 10

They help species survive.

Question 11

What is an example of an instinct?

Answer 11

when you see the salmon run each year in the spring, at some point in their life when they start getting old they will swim against stream until they get back to the place that they were born. Nothing taught salmon to do this. These instincts help species survive (evolutionary perspective)

Question 12

What is an example of a reflex? Definition?

Answer 12

when you go to put hand on hot surface, your hand pulls away. A reflex. A reflex doesn’t go up to your brain they are controlled by nerve bundles/sensory neurons send signal to spinal cord, it receives this and then tell the motor neurons to tighten the muscle. Doesn’t go up to the cortex. Reflexes aren’t learned. They also serve an evolutionary purpose.

Question 13

What is a large similarity between instincts, reflexes and learning?

Answer 13

They all help you to adapt to your environment

Question 14

In which ways are instincts and reflexes the same

Answer 14

(a) They help an organism adapt to the environment.
(b) they are unlearned

Question 15

What are instincts?

Answer 15

complex behaviours, triggered by a range of broad events. They involve a lot of the brain.

Question 16

What are reflexes?

Answer 16

relatively simple motor/neural responses that are localized. They are relatively simple communications between sensory and motor neurons.

Question 17

What is learning most commonly based on?

Answer 17

experience

Question 18

What is associative learning?

Answer 18

making connection between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Question 19

What are the three types of associative learning?

Answer 19

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning

Question 20

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 20

A type of learning whereby a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces that response.

Question 21

Whats an example of classical conditioning?

Answer 21

Playing happy music (stimulus that naturally produces a response) when you walk into class (neutral stimulus) causing you to feel happy (response) simply by being in the class after a while. Even though the classroom itself would not produce an emotional response, the person has been classically conditioned to make this association.

Question 22

Is classical conditioning a conscious or unconscious process?

Answer 22

unconscious

Question 23

is it possible to classically condition yourself?

Answer 23

Technically yes but it is very difficult because it is an unconscious process. It is easier to use operant conditioning on yourself.

Question 24

What is the main terminology associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 24

-unconditioned stimulus
- unconditioned response
- neutral stimulus
-conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response

Question 25

What is an example of an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 25

Happy music because there is an unlearned association between happy music and happiness.

Question 26

What is unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Answer 26

stimulus that naturally causes a response.

Question 27

What is unconditioned response (UR) ?

Answer 27

A natural response in response to the stimulus

Question 28

What is a neutral stimulus (NS) ?

Answer 28

Does not naturally cause a given response

Question 29

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Answer 29

Once the NS is paired with the US such that the NS elicits a response.

Question 30

What is a conditioned response(CR) ?

Answer 30

The response in relation to the NS/CS

Question 31

Which 2 factors of classical conditioning never change?

Answer 31

Unconditioned response and unconditioned stimulus

Question 32

Which three factors of classical conditioning are talked about in relation to US and UR?

Answer 32

Neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response

Question 33

What were the NS, CS and CR in the video with that was easy button and air-soft gun?

Answer 33

NS: that was easy
CS: pain from the gun
CR: when he flinched after hearing that was easy button without being shot at.

Question 34

What is aquisition?

Answer 34

Learning to associate the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus. During acquisition the neutral stimulus begins to create the conditioned response.

Question 35

Is timing important for acquisition?

Answer 35

The closer the pairing is to each other (NS & UCS), the faster the learning. For aversive (negative) conditioning, longer time lags can still lead to learning. Serves an evolutionary purpose.

Question 36

What is extinction?

Answer 36

a decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS.

Question 37

What is the graph for aquisition?

Answer 37

LOOK AT LECTURE

Question 38

What is an example of generalization?

Answer 38

if you don’t smoke for awhile your nicotine goes down and your body starts feeling cravings. Imagine this person was sleeping so they are low on nicotine and feeling craving but before that they have coffee every morning. If they do this for a long time, the neutral stimulus coffee will be paired with wanting or needing a cigarette. another morning they had coffee cake instead, they would still feel the need for a cigarette (but less of a craving) because of the coffee flavour. But it leads to less of a craving. This shows that you have discriminated the difference between coffee flavour cake and the coffee itself.

Coffee flavoured cake leading to a craving is generalization.

Question 39

What is generalization?

Answer 39

When a conditioned response is evoked by a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Question 40

What is an example of discrimination?

Answer 40

When in the coffee example, the craving was not as strong as when drinking coffee.

Question 41

How did Watson contradict Freud’s idea of phobias?

Answer 41

Watson was able to create a phobia in little Albert which contradicts Freuds idea that phobias come from inner conflict.

Question 42

What is an instinct?

Answer 42

This is called an instinct, a complex set of behaviour shown by every animal in a species that is unlearned.

Question 43

When can spontaneous recovery occur?

Answer 43

Spontaneous recovery can occur which is a brief resurgence of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus.