Final Exam Review Cumulative Flashcards
Do individuals, evolve or populations? Explain.
- populations evolve
- Natural selection works on populations, allele frequencies within the populations change
What genotype frequencies are required for a population to be in the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
equations: p^2+ 2pq+ q^2= 1
- p+ q=1
p= frequency of the dominant allele: f(A)
q= frequency of the recessive allele: f(a)
What allows bacteria to evolve more rapidly than most eukaryotes?
- Short generation time
- Very large populations
- Reproduce quickly
- Binary fission (asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies)
compare allopatric, and sympatric speciation
- allopatric: species is geographically isolated
- sympatric: lacking geographic separation
how can polyploidy result in the formation of a new species?
A mistake in meiosis resulting in a doubling of chromosomes, so it cannot reproduce with the parent species, resulting in a new species.
explain how the reinforcement of reproductive barriers in a hybrid zone result in the formation of a new species.
- they remain in two separate groups
- they cannot interbreed and change too much and become separate species
how old is life on earth? What types of organisms colonized the planet?
- 3.7 billion years old
- prokaryotes
Define detritus. Who are the main detritavores?
- def: leaves, animal remains and other debris
- bacteria, archea, and fungus
In which eukaryotic groups has complex multicellularity evolved independently?
- fungus x2
- Plants
- Animals and green algae
- Red algae
- Brown algae
give an example of a bryophyte, seedless vascular plant, gymnosperm, and
angiosperm
- Bryophyte: liverwort, hornwort and mosses
- Seedless vascular plants: fern
- gymnosperm: conifers (cones)
- Angiosperm: flowering plants
what are some reasons that plants become weak and spindly?
- over/under watering
- Insufficient light
define homeostasis. Which animal systems are involved in homeostasis?
def: maintaining a study state in changing environmental conditions
- endocrine system
- circulatory system
- respiration system
- immune system
- skeletal system
- digestive system
what is the advantage of counter current flow? which systems utilize this?
advantage: exchange takes place along the entire length
- kidney and loop of Henley= urine concentration
- Fish gills
- Thermoregulation (heat in blood)
What is the advantage of a directional respiratory flow? this is utilized by which organisms?
advantage: can extract oxygen during inhalation and exhalation
- Used by birds
in which organs does digestion occur?
- Small intestine
- stomach (mechanical digestion)
- Mouth (chemical, and physical digestion)
