Early life and adolescence Flashcards
Leisure plays a large role in the lifespan perspective too
As a factor in our development
2. Something influenced by our development
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
8 stages healthy individual should pass through from birth to death
each stageis characterizedby
A set of opposing psychological tendencies, and
A developmental issue or task
0-18 MONTHS: TRUST VS. MISTRUST
Can I trust the world around me?
Infant’s basics needs either met by their caregivers or not
Trust: Belief the world is a decent place, others are dependable
Mistrust: Feelings of suspicion, and idea that the world is undependable and
dangerous
TRUST VS. MISTRUST: PLAY OBJECTS
Object permanence:
understanding things and people exist even when out of
the child’s presence
Peek-a-boo
Knocking things off high chairs
Play also linked to physical development
Motor skills
Kinesthetic awareness
2-4 YEARS: AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT
Is it okay to be who I am?
Exploration of independence, attempts to exist as self in environment
Autonomy: Toddlers encouraged to be who they are and take on challenges
in a supportive environment
Shame/doubt: Caregivers are too restrictive/challenges to great, toddlers
discouraged from being who they are
AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT: PLAY IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
Play and autonomy: Manipulation of environment around the child
Manipulation takes place in the microsphere
Digging a hole in the sand
Rolling a ball downhill
Representative intelligence: Pretending and imagining
4-5 YEARS: INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
is it okay to do things, to make a splash?
Children attempt tasks and games with peers and alone, pushing boundaries.
Initiative: Encouraged to follow interests, develop independent abilities to
plan and undertake tasks
Guilt: Discouraged from following interests, stifled in attempts to take actions
INITIATIVE VS. GUILT: PARTEN’S STAGES OF PLAY
Onlooker play: Children sit and watch other children play
Parallel play: Next to another child, without true interaction
Associative play: Interacting, mimicking each other’s actions
Cooperative play: Truly playing and planning with one another
5-12 YEARS: INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
Can I be successful in the world around me?
Try more difficult tasks, demonstrate competency based on interests
Industry: Motivation to start/finish tasks, based on positive feedback on
previous efforts
Inferiority: Lack of motivation, develops if children repeatedly fail or are not
supported
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY: LEISURE IDENTITY
Leisure choices reflect emerging talents
Developing athletic talents may develop into sport participation
Artistic creativity may be expressed through music or art
Play with peers becomes more important that with family
Activities/interests selected during this phase may be lifelong
12-18: IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
Who am I, who will I be as an adult?
Search for self and personal identity, concern about perceptions of others
Identity: Understanding of roles you will fill as an adult
Role-confusion: Doubt or rebellion about future roles, establishment of a
negative identity, apathy/withdrawal
IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION: LEISURE ROLES
Search for identity and roles through leisure
What/who do we care about?
Exploration/testing of multiple potential identities
Leisure and rebellion?
Music
Clothing/appearance
Risky activities
EMERGING ADULTHOOD
Exploratory period between adolescence and adulthood (~18-25)
Intimacy, relationships, social skills needed for adulthood
Identity development and self-discovery through leisure context
Delay of transition to true adulthood?
Technological revolution
Sexual revolution
Women’s rights
Youth movement
Now-or-never perspective:
Pursuing experiences because of fear
they will not be available later
