Clin Path - Monovalent Electrolyes

Question 1

Monovalent electrolytes

Answer 1

Cat: na, k
An: cl, HCO3

Question 2

How electrolytes are acquired

Answer 2

Diet : na, k, cl
Synthesized: hco3

Question 3

Osmolarity

Answer 3

Concentration of solute
Calculated: na, k, glu, urea - moles/liter

Question 4

Osmolality

Answer 4

Concentration of a solute
Measured - moles/kilogram

Question 5

Osmo gap

Answer 5

= osmolality (measure) - osmolarity (calc)

Question 6

Osmolarity equation

Answer 6

2(Na + K) + Glu/18 + BUN/2.8

Question 7

Basics of renal function

Answer 7

Conserve: Na, Cl, HCO3, H2O
Excrete: K, H

Question 8

Tubule function factors (5)

Answer 8

of functional nephrons

Flow rate within tubule
Medullary tonicity
Aldosterone
ADH

Question 9

Main cause & alternative causes of hypernatremia & hyperchloremia

Answer 9

Dehydration !!
- h2o loss
- osmotic dieresis
- hyperaldosteroinism
- excess intake

Question 10

Causes for hypoatremia & hypochloremia

Answer 10

Na & K loss
Na & K shifting
Excess water

Question 11

Ways to lose Na or K

Answer 11

GI tract - vomiting diarrhea
Kidneys - dieresis, renal function
Skin - sweating or burns

Question 12

Causes for Na or K shifting

Answer 12

Cell lysis - low levels due to shifting into dead cell
Cavitary (3rd) space - bladder ruptured, won’t appear on blood work, urine/electrolytes aren’t present in blood
Tumor necrosis
Myopatheis
Diabetes mellitus

Question 13

Which to moles should follow each other?

Answer 13

Sodium and chloride should be functioning together
Be concerned when they’re not

Question 14

How can excess water cause cardiac problems?

Answer 14

*heart failure
Decreased cardiac output = increased Na
Changing plasma volume = hyponatremia/chloremia