Animals - Form and Function

Question 1

What are the 4 kingdoms?

Answer 1

Bacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 2

Animals are ____ and _____

Answer 2

Multicellular and Heterotrophic eukaryotes

Question 3

2 concepts for Surface and volumes in animals:

Answer 3

Volume increases more rapidly than surface area
But large surface areas is critical for interaction with the environment

Question 4

Basal Metabolic rate…

At rest the stomach is ___ and there is normal ___ and _____

Answer 4

empty, temperature and humidity

Question 5

Basal metabolic rate can be measured by:

Answer 5

ml O2 consumed per hour per gram body weight

Question 6

Explain the difference in basal metabolic rate between bigger and smaller animals

Answer 6

The bigger the animal the smaller the metabolic rate, the smaller the animal the bigger the metabolic rate

Large animals have less surface per kg which means less gas exchange

Question 7

Basal metabolic rate two important factors?

Answer 7

• Surface to volume ratio is important
• Animals adapt to increase surface

Question 8

Explain Salmon?

Answer 8

• salmon can breath through skin and gills (highly folded membrane, large surface)

Salmon can breathe through skin and gills but which predominates?

Young (small) salmon breath mostly through skin, older ones mostly through gills

Why? Surface to volume ratio!

Question 9

What are the 5 adaptations to increase surface area

Answer 9

• Gas exchange (lung, gills, tracheoles)
• Nutrient uptake (intestine)
• Osmoregulation (kidney)
• Heat exchange (blood vessels)
• All these adaptations keep equilibrium (Homeostasis)

Question 10

What is Homeostasis and why is it important?

Answer 10

• The ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes
• It is important as it allows to operate almost at optimal conditions under changing conditions

-Regulation to stay within acceptable ranges (which can change)

Question 11

Examples of homeostasis

Answer 11

• Temperature
• Water and electrolyte balance, pH
• oxygen supply
• nutrient supply (glucose levels)
• blood pressure

Question 12

What is 3 things required for homeostasis

Answer 12

• Sensor: detects status of internal or external environment
• Integrator: evaluates sensor information and decides if action is needed (setpoint = normal value)
• Effector: mechanism that helps restore desired condition

Question 13

Examples of effectors (homeostasis)

Answer 13

• examples of effectors:
• Body temp below setpoint :Blood vessels constrict, Shivering, Chemical signals
• Body temp above setpoint: Blood vessels dilates, Sweat glands, Respiratory centres stimulate

Question 14

Thermoregulation in Mammals relies on what?

Answer 14

• Relies on negative feedback

Question 15

Three ways the body gains heat

Answer 15

1. Blood vessels constrict: causes blood flow to lessen, heat loss decreases
2. Shivering generates heat in muscles
3. Chemical signals: stimulate increase in heat production in cells

Question 16

Three ways that the body loses heat

Answer 16

1. Blood vessels dilate: causes blood flow to increase, heat loss increases
2. Sweat Glands: evaporation
3. Respiration renters stimulated: panting increases heat loss

Question 17

In Thermoregulation in mammals,
To gain temperature:
To lose termpartue:

Answer 17

• To gain temperature: Radiation from the sun or conduction from objects
• To lose temperature: Radiation out the body, evaporation or convection

Question 18

Thermoregulatory Strategies…

How do animas obtain heat?

Answer 18

• An endotherm produces adequate heat to warm its own tissue
  
  • An ectotherm relies on heat gained from the environment

Question 19

Thermoregulatory Strategies…

Is an animal’s body temperature held constant?

Answer 19

• Homeotherms keep their body temperature constant
  
  • Poikilotherms allow their body temperature to change depending on environmental conditions

Question 20

More thermoregulatory Strategies… idk

Answer 20

• Many animals are in between these extremes
• May change, or be different in different body parts

Question 21

Endotherms can do what and how?

Answer 21

Endotherms can warm themselves because their basal metabolic rates are extremely high
- Heat given off by high rate of chemical reactions is enough to warm the body
- Mammals and birds retain this heat because they have elaborate insulating structures such as feathers or fur

Question 22

Ectotherms gain what and where?

Answer 22

Ectotherms gain heat directly from the environment and only generate a small amount of heat as a by-product of metabolism

Question 23

Most heat is gained by ____ or _____

Answer 23

radiation or conduction

Question 24

Endothermy and ectothermy are best understood as what?

Answer 24

understood as contrasting adaptive strategies

Question 25

Endotherms have higher what and what does it allow them to do more?
But at what costs?

Answer 25

Endotherms have higher metabolic rates and thus can be more active at all times

But it costs a lot of energy to producing heat which is not available for other processes

Question 26

Ectotherms are able to….
But at what costs?

Answer 26

• Ectotherms are able to thrive with much lower intakes of food and can use a greater proportion of their total energy intake to support reproduction
  
  • But muscle activity and digestion slow when temperature drops, making them more vulnerable

Question 27

Effective heat exchange…
Where does heat exchange occur?
And what is counter current heat exchange?

Answer 27

• heat exchange often through blood vessels (arteries and veins)
• countercurrent heat exchange: minimized heat loss