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bisc101 final > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Communication by hormones:

A

endocrine

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2
Q

Information Processing
Signal transduction:

A
  • Sensory cell (have signal receptors)
    • receives external signal and transduces information to an internal signal
  • Cell to cell signal (hormones)
    • released by the sensory cell travels throughout plant
  • Target cell (have hormone receptors)
    • receives signal and initiates response
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3
Q

5 Chemical Signals

A
  • Neural signals: diffuse a short distance between neurons
  • Neuroendocrine signals: are hormones released from neurons
  • Endocrine signals: are hormones carried between cells by blood or other body fluids
  • Paracrine signals: diffuse locally and act on nearby cells
  • Autocrine signals: act on the same cell that secretes them
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4
Q

Integration of hormones and neurons:
Opportunity for feedback:

A

Opportunity for feedback: feedback inhibition (negative feedback) → homeostasis

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5
Q

What are the 3 pathways and what do they each have?

A
  1. Endocrine pathway: has hormone
  2. Neuroendocrine pathway: has neurohormone
  3. Neuroendocrine-to-endocrine pathway: has both neurohormone and hormone
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6
Q

Actions of Hormones:
2 fundamentally different pathways are:

A

water soluble (hydrophilic) hormones and water insoluble (lipophilic hormones)

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7
Q

Hydrophilic hormones are and have?

A

Hydro: Peptides and Polypeptides, Amino Acid Derivatives

Has a Membrane receptor: intracellular signal transduction (second messengers)

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8
Q

Lipophilic hormones are and have?

A

Lipo: Steroids

Has a intracellular receptor (nuclear receptor)

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9
Q

Steroid Hormones examples:

A
  • cortisol: stress response
  • anabolic steroids - muscle growth
  • sex steroids: estrogenes, testosterone
  • Aldosterone ; Na+ resorption in kidney
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10
Q

other water insoluble (lipophilic) hormones (same mechanism)

A
  • retinoid acid
  • thyroid hormone
  • Prostaglandins (paracrine acting)
  • juvenile hormone (insects)
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11
Q

Actions of Steroid hormones
Example used for answers: hormone stimulates gene expression (up-regulation)

The steroid hormone will…

A

The steroid hormone will…

  • diffuse through plasma membrane
  • in cytosol, bound by receptor
  • move into nucleus
  • hormone/receptor complex binds to response element
  • turn on gene expression
  • proteins are translated in the cytosol
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12
Q

Some hormone suppress gene expression: binding to element stops what? this leads to what

A

Transcription
- So it will turn off gene expression
- and protein are not translated in the cytosol

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13
Q

What are target cell for steroid hormone:

A
  • Target cell for steroid hormone: cells that have intracellular receptor
  • Hormones act in extremely small amounts
  • very strong binding to receptors
  • often bind as dimers:
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14
Q

What are the two identical and different proteins/hormones

A

Two identical proteins/hormones: Homo-dimers

Two different proteins/hormones: hetero-dimers

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15
Q

Insect example: Insects remodels to emerge as adult moth
The growth by molting is controlled by which hormone:
Which hormone causes larva-larva molting

A
  • larva grow by molting: controlled by hormones:
  • ecdysone: triggers each molting
  • Juvenile hormone: causes larva-larva molting
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16
Q

Frequently, hormones work together:

A

different combinations can have very different effects (turn on different genes etc)

17
Q

Hydrophilic Hormones examples:

They are what?

What hormone is it?

A

Peptide hormones

  • growth hormone (GH): organ and muscle growth
  • growth hormone release hormone
18
Q

Many peptides hormones are controlled by what?
examples? What are they essential for? What do they do?

A

controlled by release factors.

  • antidiuretic hormone (reabsorption of water)
  • insulin, glucagon (control blood sugar)
  • leptin (regulation of lipid storage)
  • adipokinetic hormone (insects, fat mobilization)
  • all the following are essential for homeostasis.
    • They keep the animals in normal condition
19
Q

other water soluble hormones (same mechanism)

A
  • adrenaline (= epinephrine: “flight or fight”)
  • melatonin (sleep, internal clock)
20
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A
  • dilates pupils (vision increased)
  • pain sensitivity decrease
  • heart rate increases
  • metabolic rate increases
  • oxygen increases
  • glucose increases
21
Q

Where are they released? What effects do they have?

A

centrally released, different effect on different cells

22
Q

They have different what? They always have ___?

A

different adrenalin receptors

but always a membrane protein

23
Q

Phosphorylase is activated by?
Binding of adrenalin to a membrane receptor lead to what?

A

by a protein kinase

should lead to activation this kinase (phosphorylase kinase)

24
Q

Steps for adrenaline

A
  1. Adrenaline binds to receptor
  2. G protein is activated
  3. Adenyl cyclase is activated: catalyzes formation of cAMP (second messenger)
  4. Phosphorylase kinase
  5. Phosphorylase is activated
  6. Glucose is produced from glycogen
25
Q

Water soluble hormones bind to?

Activated receptor initiates?

Signalling cascade needs?

A

membrane receptor

second messenger production via G-protein

to cellular response

bisc101 final (7 decks)

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