Insulin and diabetes Flashcards
Type 1 diabetes
Loss of insulin production
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance
Diabetes consequeneces
Hyperglycaemia - Loss of glucose uptake
Dyslipidaemia - Loss of insulin repression of lipolysis
Type 1 diabetes characteristics
5-10% of cases
Pancreas produces little/no insulin
Autoimmune disorder
Develop rapidly
Type 2 diabetes characteristics
Insulin-resistant state
Pancreatic beta cells cannot release sufficient insulin
90-95% of cases
Result of lifestyle
Develop over the years
Gestational diabetes
25% affected pregnant women
Develops 2nd trimester
Disappears after childbirth
Due to hormonal changes
Diabetes diagnosing
Fasting glucose test
Random glucose test
Glucose tolerance test
HbA1c
Fasting glucose test
No food for 8-10 hours
Normal: 3.9-5.4 mmol/l (80-99 mg/dl)
Prediabetes impaired: 5.5-6.9 mmol/l (100-125 mg/dl)
Random glucose test
Random glucose value of 11.1 mmol (200 mg/dl) indicates diabetes
Glucose tolerance test
Fast for 8 hours
Plasma measured after 2 hours of drinking 75g glucose drink
Diabetic: 11.1 mmol/l
Impaired glucose tolerance: 7.9-11 mmol/l
HbA1c
Slow and irreversible reaction between Haemoglobin A and glucose
Measure for 3-4 months
Type 2 diabetes test
Type 2 Diabetic: 48 mmol/mol (6.5%)
Risk: 42-47 mmol/mol (6.0-6.4%)
Diabetes diagnosis
Excess urination
Thirst
Fatigue
Chronic diabetes
Retinopathy and blindness
Cerebrovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease
Permanent kidney damage
Foot infections
Peripheral neuropathy
High blood glucose
Urine: Supports yeast growth, genital itching, thrush
Eyes: blurred vision
Body: Tiredness, extreme hunger
Life threatening diabetes
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) complication of type 1
