FINALS : Cultural Competence In Ethical Decision Making

Question 1

Promotes health equity for vulnerable and disadvantaged individuals and populations through social justice and protection of human rights.

Answer 1

Culturally Competent Care

Question 2

____ provide specific directions about the course of treatment to be followed by health care providers and caregivers if a client is unable to give informed consent or refuse care because of incapacity.

Answer 2

Advance directives

Question 3

The ethical principle of fidelity requires health care providers to:

Maintain ____, ____, and ____ relationships with their clients.

Answer 3

• therapeutic
• trusting
• honest relationships

Question 4

____ supports ethical relativism in that it does not support universal truths and requires examination of the context of the situation before making a decision. Drawn from feminist theories, the ethic of care emphasizes the need for health care practitioners to develop empathy, compassion, and relationships that promote trust, growth, and the well-being of others (Edwards, 2011).

Answer 4

Feminist theory

Question 5

____ has a moral agenda to understand the impact of culture on people’s lives, respect these cultural differences, and minimize the negative consequences of cultural differences (Pacquiao, 2008).

Answer 5

Cultural competence

Question 6

A ____ consists of beliefs and assumptions about what is right and wrong. This is the basis of ____, which prescribes the proper action to take in a given situation.

Answer 6

• moral philosophy
• ethics

Question 7

Principlism is based on the philosophical pragmatism of ____.

Answer 7

William James

Question 8

These beliefs evolve as normative patterns of ____ that serve as an implicit framework guiding the actions and thoughts of group members, which may or may not be shared by persons outside of the cultural group.

Answer 8

assumptions

Question 9

____ means maintaining the core values, beliefs, and practices significant to the individual or group.

Answer 9

Cultural preservation

Question 10

_____ is not merely at the level of doing no harm (nonmaleficence), but more importantly, it creates a positive difference in people’s lives (beneficence)

Answer 10

Culturally competent care

Question 11

____ refer to the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.

Answer 11

Health inequities

Question 12

A way of thinking about issues of right and wrong.

Answer 12

Ethical Reasoning

Question 13

Informed decision that can justify consequent actions.

Answer 13

Guiding Principle

Question 14

Is the ability of people to realize their potential in the society where they live. It implies fairness and mutual obligation in society or the mutual responsibility for one another, to ensure that all have equal chances to succeed in life.

Answer 14

Social Justice

Question 15

Guide to Ethical Decision-Making

Answer 15

1. State the problem
2. Check the facts
3. Identify relevant factors
4. Develop a list of options
5. Test the options
6. Make choice – based on steps 1-5
7. Review steps 1-6

Question 16

The ____ was based on Immanuel Kant’s work, which emphasized treating every human being with dignity as an end by itself. Human rights aim to protect the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all people.

Answer 16

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)

Question 17

____ is defined as a type of difference in health that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage.

Answer 17

Health disparity

Question 18

Passed by the US Congress in 1991 mandates health care practitioners to provide clients with information about advance directives intended to assure their autonomy in situations when they can no longer make a decision. Individuals’ choices are presumably carried out on their behalf in the event that they cannot consciously and competently represent their own will.

Answer 18

Patient Self-Determination Act

Question 19

____ in 1996 that sets national standards for protecting the privacy, confidentiality, and security of individually identifiable health information by covered entities and business associates. It ensures confidentiality of an individual’s health information.

Answer 19

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Question 20

• Concept that scientific research should have – “the welfare of society”
• Rooted in medical research – the central tenet is “Do No Harm”
• Remove harm, prevent harm, optimize benefits – “Do Good”

Answer 20

Beneficence

Question 21

____ holds that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture; hence, there are no universal truths in ethics. It emphasizes the need to examine the ____ of the decision because sociocultural differences influence whether an act is moral. It is unlike universalistic moral philosophies such as ____, which upholds the existence of universal truths and unbreakable moral rules. Applicable to all situations (Butts & Rich, 2008), and ____, which judges the morality of an act based on its consequence or outcome.

Answer 21

• Ethical relativism
• context
• deontology
• teleology

Question 22

The principles of ____ and ____ require that care providers act in ways that cause no harm and benefit consumers of their care, respectively. Focusing on client safety emphasizes prevention of harm.

Answer 22

principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence

Question 23

____ persons are allowed to determine their own actions or delegate decision making to others when they become incapable of making such decisions.

Answer 23

Autonomous

Question 24

____ means attempting to help individuals and groups change their way of life to achieve a healthy, safe, and meaningful existence.

Answer 24

Cultural repatterning

Question 25

____ involves negotiating with existing cultural differences in order to find a meaningful existence of one’s cultural lifeways with those of others.

Answer 25

Cultural accommodation

Question 26

Truth telling or veracity demands:

Avoidance of ____, ____, ____, and ____ in interactions with clients by health care providers.

Answer 26

• lying
• deception
• misrepresentation
• non-disclosure

Question 27

Ethical principle of autonomy is closely linked with:

Respect for an individual’s ____ and right to make ____ about issues affecting one’s well-being.

Answer 27

• free will
• choices

Question 28

____ as the critical motivation that compels people to act on behalf of others, which emerges from an affective and cognitive understanding and identification with others’ experiences. It is the fire that ignites the energy to take action on problems involving enormous risks, complexities, and resources.

Answer 28

Compassion

Question 29

Morals and philosophic beliefs are constituted within the ____, ____, and ____ experiences of a society.

Answer 29

• social
• historical
• cultural

Question 30

The principle of ____ upholds the capacity of individuals to act intentionally without controlling influences by others and from personal limitations that prevent meaningful choice

Answer 30

• principle of autonomy

Question 31

Carter-Pokras and Baquet (2002) define health disparity as a “____ signified by a difference in:
- Environment
- Access to, utilization of and quality of care
- Health status or a particular health outcome

Answer 31

chain of events

Question 32

Ethical relativism states that what is ____ for one group may not be right for another (Wong, 2006).

Answer 32

right

Question 33

____ or ____, attempts to reconcile the divergence between teleological and deontological models. Ethical principles are derived from ethical theories and commonly used to resolve ethical dilemmas because they link moral decision making to scientific findings rather than universal rules.

Answer 33

• Principle Based Ethics
• principalism

Question 34

The principle of ____ upholds the virtues of being honest and telling the truth. Truth telling is recognized as a prerequisite to a ____ relationship. Informed consent requires veracity of information presented to clients and fidelity of practitioners to professional standards.

Answer 34

• principle of veracity
• trusting

Question 35

WHO (2013) defines ____ as: the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age that are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels which are mostly responsible for health inequities.

Answer 35

social determinants

Question 36

The principle of ____ is the obligation to remain faithful to one’s commitments. Nurses have an obligation to maintain standards of professional practice as a condition of continuing licensure.

Answer 36

principle of fidelity

Question 37

Veracity and fidelity

Uphold the concept of ____ and the fundamental ____ of individuals to be treated with respect and dignity

Answer 37

• individualism
• right