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A-Level Biology- Y12 > 3.2.2- Cell Division > Flashcards

3.2.2- Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The regular cycle of cell division separated by periods of growth

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2
Q

Importance of cell cycle

A
  1. Growth and Development.
  2. Replace old or damaged cells.
  3. Produce new cells.
  4. Differentiation- process by which cells become specialised
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3
Q

Key Stages of the cell cycle

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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4
Q

Stages of the cell cycle

A

Growth of cell

Synthesis of DNA polymerase

DNA replication

Preparation for cell division

Mitosis (nuclear division)

Cytokinesis

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5
Q

Importance of growth

A

Means you have enough organelle and enough space for them. Also means you have more mitochondria for energy

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6
Q

Importance of synthesis of DNA polymerase

A

Forms backbone of DNA and makes sure there is enough

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7
Q

Importance of DNA replication

A

new cells are able to receive an accurate copy of the organism’s genetic information; this allows for healthy function cells and therefore the organism has 23 pairs of chromosomes

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8
Q

Importance of prep for cell division

A

Checkpoint so harmful cells are detected and removed

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9
Q

Importance of Mitosis

A

Form 2 nuclei with 23 pairs of chromosomes each

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10
Q

Importance of Cytokinesis

A

Creates 2 identical separate cells

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11
Q

Cell Arrest

A

Cell leaves the cell cycle and stops dividing to prevent overcrowding

Referred to as the G0 phase and happens between G1 and S

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of nuclear division which produces 2 identical daughter cells

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13
Q

Importance of mitosis

A

growth, repair, reproduction, differentiation

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14
Q

Diploid

A

23 pairs of chromosomes- 2 complete sets

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15
Q

Centromere

A

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached & spindle fibres attach

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16
Q

Chromatid

A

one half of a duplicated chromosome- single strand of DNA

17
Q

1 chromosome before mitosis

A

1 chromatid per chromosome

18
Q

1 chromosome after replication

A

2 sister chromatids per chromosome

19
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

20
Q

Prophase

A

Preparation- chromosomes condense, become visible while nuclear membrane breaks down

21
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell while spindle fibres form and attach to centromere

22
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres shorten and sister chromatids are pulled apart as chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

23
Q

Telophase

A

2 new nuclear membranes form and chromosomes decondense (become long, thin and less visible)

24
Q

uncontrolled cell division can lead to…

A

Tumours and cancer

25
Q

Why does uncontrolled cell division occur?

A

It is often a result of mutated genes

26
Q

How do cancer treatments disrupt the cell cycle?

A

Prevent DNA from replicating (S phase of Interphase)

Inhibit spindle fibre formation and action (metaphase and anaphase)

27
Q

Mitotic index

A

the ratio between the number of cells undergoing mitosis to the total number of cells.

28
Q

asexual reproduction

A

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

29
Q

Binary fission

A

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

30
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

binary fission

31
Q

step 1 & 2 of binary fission in prokaryotes

A

DNA unravels and uncoils- the free floating DNA uncondenses- while both DNA and plasmid replicates

32
Q

Step 3 of binary fission

A

The cell grows and elongates as replicated dna moves to different opposite poles of the cell

33
Q

Step 4 of binary fission

A

Cell membrane starts to divide (equator constricts to separate the 2 cells)

34
Q

step 5 of binary fission

A

Cell membrane divides completely and leaves you with two identical daughter cells/clones

A-Level Biology- Y12 (14 decks)

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