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My own Anatomy > Oral anatomy > Flashcards

Oral anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the first part of the respiratory tract?

A

The left and right nasal cavities

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2
Q

What is contained in the mucosa in the upper part of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory receptors

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3
Q

Where are olfactory receptors found?

A

In the mucosa in the upper part of the nasal cavity

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4
Q

What do the axons of olfactory receptors form?

A
  • Olfactory nerves (CN1)
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5
Q

How are the left and right nasal cavities separated from
- Each other
- the oral cavity
- the brain

A
  • They are separated from each other by a thin midline septum, formed of cartilage and bone (septum will only be seen on one half when the head is bisected)
  • They are separated from the oral cavity by the hard palate
  • They are separated from the brain superiorly by bone
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6
Q

What are 2 things the nasal cavity communicates with?

A
  • The nasopharynx posteriorly
  • The paranasal sinuses - cavities within the skull bones
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7
Q

How is the septum of the nasal cavities formed?

A
  • It is formed of cartilage anteriorly and two thin plates of bone posteriorly
  • The perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the posterior septum.
  • The vomer forms the inferior part of the posterior septum.
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8
Q

How many projections of bone are there in the lateral all of the nasal cavity and what are they?

A
  • There are 3 projections of bone. The superior, middle and inferior conchae/turbinates
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9
Q

What are the spaces inferior to the turbinates called? And what happens as inspired air passes through them?

A
  • Meatuses (singular meatus)
  • As air passes through them, it is warmed, humidified and filtered
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10
Q

What is the cribiform plate and what is its function?

A
  • The cribiform plate (a portion of the ethmoid bone) separates the nasal cavity from the cranium and the brain
  • It is a delicate section of bone that is perforated with tiny holes.
  • The axons of olfactory neurons pass through the perforations to form the olfactory nerves which travel to the brain.
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11
Q

Where are the olfactory nerves located?

A
  • They are located in the spheno-ethmoidal recess in the upper nasal cavity, between the superior concha and cribiform plate.
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12
Q

How many paranasal sinuses are there and where do they lie?

A

4.
- Frontal sinuses- lie within the anterior part of the frontal bone (it lies over the orbit and across the superciliary arch aka eyebrow)

  • Ethmoid air cells- lies within the ethmoid bone (located in between the eyes, superior to the nasal cavity and medial to the orbits)
  • Sphenoid sinuses lie within the sphenoid bone (just posterior to the ethmoid sinus and inferior to the pituitary gland)
  • Maxillary sinuses lie within the maxilla of the facial skeleton (roof is the floor of the orbit and the floor is the alveolar process- structure holding the roots of our teeth in place)
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13
Q

Where do the 4 paranasal sinuses drain via small ducts?

A
  • Frontal sinus drains into middle meatus
  • Spehnoid sinus drains into spheno-ethmoidal recess
  • Ethmoid air cells drain into the superior and middle meatuses
  • The maxillary sinus drains into the middle meatus
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14
Q

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

Why do we have running nose when we cry?

A
  • The nasolacrimal duct (which is received by the nasal cavity) drains the fluid that lubricates the anterior surface of the eye (tears).
  • The duct opens into the inferior meatus
  • When we cry, we get a runny nose as excess fluid runs down the nasolacrimal duct
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15
Q

The nasal cavity communicates with the middle ear. What is the middle ear?

A
  • A small cavity within the temporal bone that is modified for hearing (it has 3 tiny bones which transmit sound waves to the inner ear)
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16
Q

What is the auditory tube?
Where can its opening be seen?
What is its function?

A
  • The auditory tube connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear
  • Its opening can be seen on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, surrounded by a slight bulge formed of tonsillar tissue
  • The auditory tube allows air to pass into the middle ear, so that pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane (ear drum- located between the middle and external ear) is equal
  • This equal pressure is important for optimal conduction of soundwaves.
17
Q

What is the nasal cavity supplied and innervated by?

A
  • It is supplied by several arteries including branches of the maxillary artery- terminal branch of the external carotid artery.
  • An anastomotic network formed supplies the nasal septum (which is often the site of bleeding in a nose bleed- epistaxis)
  • The sensory innervation of the nose is via branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
18
Q

What is the function of the palate and what is it made up of?

A
  • The palate separates the nasal cavities from the oral cavity
  • It is composed anteriorly of bone - the hard palate
  • It is composed posteriorly of muscle - the soft palate
  • The palate forms the roof of the oral cavity
19
Q

What is the hard palate formed by and what is its function?

A
  • The hard palate is composed of 2 bones.
    + The palatine bone of the maxilla
    + The horizontal plate of the palatine bone

Its function include
- Preventing food or fluid from entering the nasal cavity
- We push our food agains the hard palate during the first phase of swallowing, forcing food and fluid into the oropharynx
- We push our tongue against the hard palate to articulate certain sounds

20
Q

What would happen when someone’s palate does not form properly during embryological development?

A
  • This is called a cleft palate
  • It would result in difficulty eating, swallowing and with speech if not repaired
21
Q

Where is the uvula found?

A

The uvula hangs on the posterior border of the soft palate which lies posterior to the hard palate.

22
Q

What happens to the soft palate during swallowing?

A
  • The soft palate is composed of several muscles which contract during swallowing, elevating the soft palate.
  • Elevation of the soft palate closes off the nasopharynx from the oral cavity, preventing reflux of food and fluid into the nasal cavity.
23
Q

What are muscles of the soft palate innervated by?

A
  • The vagus nerve
24
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A
  • Superiorly by the hard and soft palate
  • Inferiorly by soft tissues and muscles
  • Laterally by the cheeks (containing buccinator muscles, used in swallowing, blowing and sucking)
25
Q

What does the oral cavity contain?

A
  • It is continuous with the oropharynx posteriorly
  • It contains the tongue, teeth, gum and openings of the salivary duct.
26
Q

How many teeth do adults have and how many of each type?

A
  1. 16 embedded in the maxilla (upper jaw) and 16 embedded in the mandible (lower jaw)
    2 canines
    4 incisors
    4 premolars
    6 molars
    All multiplied by 2
27
Q

What are teeth composed of?

A
  • An inner pulp containing blood vessels
  • Dentin surrounding the pulp
  • An outer hard coating of enamel
28
Q

What happens when enamel and dentin are eroded by bacteria and food (e.g. sugar and acids)?

A
  • It can lead to decay, inflammation and infection of the pulp which is painful.
  • Infection may spread to the bone leading to abscess formation. (collection of pus)
29
Q

Tell me about the function of the tongue as well as two things that are contained on it.

Where are the anterior and posterior parts of the tongue located?

A
  • The tongue is essential for normal chewing, swallowing and speech
  • It bears papillae on its superior surface, some of which detect taste (taste buds)
  • The space between the posterior tongue and the anterior aspect of the epiglottis is the vallecula
  • The anterior aspect of the tongue lies in the oral cavity while the posterior aspect of the tongue extends into the oropharynx.
30
Q

Where and what are the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • The intrinsic muscles lie entirely within the tongue. They are paired bilaterally and fuse in the midline- they change the shape of the tongue
  • The extrinsic muscles are attached to the tongue but originate from the mandible and hyoid bone. They move the tongue.
31
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue (motor) innervated by?

A
  • The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
32
Q

What provides the sensory innervation of the tongue?

A
  • Taste in the anterior two thirds is served by the facial nerve (CN VII)
  • General sensation (touch, pain, temperature) in the anterior two thirds is served by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
  • Taste and general sensation in the posterior third are served by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
33
Q

What arteries is the oral cavity supplied by?

A
  • The lingual, maxillary and facial arteries, all branches of the external carotid artery
34
Q

What is the innervation of the oral cavity?

A
  • It is quite complex
  • While innervation of the soft palate is by the vagus nerve
  • The tongue is innervated by 4 cranial nerves, hypoglossal, facial, trigeminal and glossopharyngeal
35
Q

How many tonsils are there in the nasal and oral cavity.

What and where are they?

A
  • 4
  • The pharyngeal tonsil lies in the roof of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx (adenoid)
  • The tubal tonsil surrounds the opening of the auditory tube on the lateral walls of the nasopharynx
  • The palatine tonsil lies on the lateral wall of the oropharynx (visible on either side of the oropharynx when the mouth is open)
  • The lingual tonsil - a collection of lymphoid tissue in the posterior tongue

My own Anatomy (6 decks)

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