Modules 18-19 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

A

wavelength

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2
Q

the dimension of color that is determined by wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue,green, and so forth

A

hue

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3
Q

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude

A

intensity

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4
Q

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

pupil

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5
Q

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

iris

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6
Q

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

lens

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7
Q

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

retina

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8
Q

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

accommodation

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9
Q

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

A

rods

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10
Q

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

A

cones

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11
Q

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

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12
Q

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a ‘blind’ spot because no receptor cells are located there

A

blind spot

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13
Q

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

fovea

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14
Q

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

A

feature detectors

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15
Q

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

A

parallel processing

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16
Q

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

17
Q

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision

A

opponent-process theory

18
Q

an organized whole. Psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

A

Gestalt

19
Q

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

A

figure-ground

20
Q

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

grouping

21
Q

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

A

depth perception

22
Q

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

A

visual cliff

23
Q

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

A

binocular cues

24
Q

a binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

A

retinal disparity

25
Q

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

A

monocular cues

26
Q

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

A

phi phenomenon

27
Q

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change

A

perceptual constancy

28
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

color constancy

29
Q

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

perceptual adaption