Modules 26-28 Flashcards

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1
Q

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information and behaviors

A

learning

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2
Q

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

A

habituation

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3
Q

learning that certain events occur together. These events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

A

associative learning

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4
Q

any event or situation that evokes a response

A

stimulus

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5
Q

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

A

cognitive learning

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6
Q

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

A

classical conditioning

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7
Q

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

A

behaviorism

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8
Q

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

A

neutral stimulus (NS)

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9
Q

the classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

unconditioned response (UR)

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10
Q

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response (UR)

A

unconditioned stimulus (US)

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11
Q

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

A

conditioned response (CR)

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12
Q

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

A

conditioned stimulus (CS)

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13
Q

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced behavior

A

acquisition

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14
Q

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

A

higher-order conditioning

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15
Q

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

A

extinction

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16
Q

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

A

spontaneous recovery

17
Q

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

A

generalization

18
Q

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

A

discrimination

19
Q

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

A

operant conditioning

20
Q

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

A

law of effect

21
Q

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

A

operant chamber

22
Q

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

A

reinforcement

23
Q

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavioral toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

A

shaping

24
Q

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

A

discriminative stimulus

25
Q

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

A

positive reinforcement

26
Q

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response strengthens the response

A

negative reinforcement

27
Q

an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

A

primary reinforcer

28
Q

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; aka secondary reinforcer

A

conditioned reinforcer

29
Q

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

A

reinforcement schedule

30
Q

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement

31
Q

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

A

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

32
Q

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

A

fixed-ratio schedule

33
Q

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

A

variable-ratio schedule

34
Q

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

A

fixed-interval schedule

35
Q

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

A

variable-interval schedule

36
Q

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

A

biofeedback

37
Q

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

A

respondent behavior

38
Q

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

A

operant behavior