ID List Chapter 20 - Energy and Industry Revolution Flashcards
1
Q
Industrial Revolution
A
- a technical revolution that started in 1765
- started in Britain and moved further east
- used to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion
2
Q
Cottage industry (“putting out system”)
A
- also known as the putting-out system
3
Q
Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny
A
- a simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine
- helped expand the cotton textile industry
- one of the first inventions of the Industrial Revolution
4
Q
Arkwright’s Water Frame
A
- a spinning machine that used waterpower
- had a capacity of several hundred spindles
- part of early textile factories
5
Q
James Watt (1736-1819)
A
- made the steam engine a practical and commercial success with the help of Matthew Boulton
6
Q
George Stephenson’s Rocket
A
- first effective steam locomotive
- went 35mph without a load
- 24 mph with a load
- revolutionized the transportation industry
7
Q
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
A
- British economist
- Essay on the Principle of Population
- population will soon outstrip the food supply
- if wages are raised, the number of kids will increase, consuming more food and the extra wages
- no hope of avoiding this crisis
8
Q
David Ricardo (1772-1823)
A
- British economist
- Principles of Political Economy
- “Iron Law of Wages”: if wages increase, the number of children increases. Then, the number of workers increases, wages fall, and the number of children falls as well
- wages should always lean toward a minimal level
- supported employers and theoretical support for opposing labor unions
9
Q
Friedrich List (1789-1846)
A
-German economist
- critic of David Ricardo and free trade.
-Rejected the liberal notion that individuals advancing their interests inevitably serve the interests of the larger community or nation.
- Argued that nations need to approach trade from the perspective of the national interest and the interests of the community as a whole.
10
Q
Zollverein
A
- German treaty
- created a customs union between the participating states
- allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs
- instated a single, uniform tariff against other nations
11
Q
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
A
- a successful manufacturer in Scotland
- argued that employing children under 10 was dangerous
- helped instate the Factory Acts
- advocate for unions, involved in the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
12
Q
Factory Acts
A
- English laws passed from 1802-1833
- limited the workday of child laborers
- set minimum hygiene and safety standards
- created significant progress in preventing child exploitation
- however, it broke the pattern of families working together
13
Q
Separate Spheres
A
- a gender division of labor
- the wife stayed at home as mother and homemaker
- the husband was the wage-earner
14
Q
The Mines Act of 1842
A
- English law
- prohibited underground work for all women and girls
- also included boys under age 10
- men feared that the mines were dangerous to women’s morals, so this law was passed
15
Q
Class-consciousness
A
- concept named by Karl Marx
- awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class
- created conflicting classes
