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Cat B- Mod 2 Physics > 2.1 Matter > Flashcards

2.1 Matter Flashcards

1
Q

What do elements consist of?

A

1 atom

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2
Q

What do compounds consist of?

A

Molecules (groups of elements)

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3
Q

What does an atom have?

A

Nucleus, proton and neutron.

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4
Q

What does the neucleus consist of?

A

Protons and neutrons.

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5
Q

What is important about protons and neutrons despite one being negative and one positive?

A

The have the same mass.

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6
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus and is how an atom is identified.

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7
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

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8
Q

Which way are orbiting electrons charged?

A

Negatively.

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9
Q

What is the mass of an electron vs a proton?

A

1/1845 however they hold the same electrical charge.

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10
Q

How does an atom become neutral?

A

Having the same number of electrons and protons.

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11
Q

What is the simplest atom?

A

Hydrogen because it has one proton and one electron.

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12
Q

How are the layers/shells of electrons labelled?

A

Alphabetically, starting with K at the closest shell to the nucleus.

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13
Q

How is the maximum number of electrons per shell governed?

A

Using the formula 2n² where n is the numerical number of the shell.

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14
Q

What is the valence electron?

A

The outermost electron in orbit.

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15
Q

When atoms are close together what are the forces between them?

A

Electromagnetic in nature.

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16
Q

What is the result of the electromagnetic force between atoms?

A

When they are a certain distance apart there is zero force, when they are closer they repel, when they are further away they attract.

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17
Q

In a solid substance what do the molecules do?

A

Vibrate about their zero positions, alternately attracting and repelling.

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18
Q

What structure do all true solids have?

A

Chrystal-line, where the atoms are arranged in a lattice.

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19
Q

In a liquid what do the molecules do?

A

They vibrate similar to a solid however they can freely move among one another.

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20
Q

In a gas substance what do the molecules do?

A

They are much further apart and move at high velocities colliding with one another.

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21
Q

Why is a gas completely free to expand to the container it is in?

A

Because the molecules are so far apart that there are no intermolecular forces to either repel or attract.

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22
Q

The word heat is the name given to energy in the process of what?

A

Energy transfer from one body to another as a result of the temp difference.

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23
Q

What happens to heat once it has been transferred to a body or substance?

A

It ceases to be heat and instead becomes internal molecular energy.

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24
Q

How does a solid become liquid?

A

The molecules gain energy vibrate over bigger distances and can move freely becoming liquid state.

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25
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

Theoretical temperature at which the movement of atoms in a solid become their lowest.

26
Q

What temp is absolute zero?

A

0 kelvin
-273 degrees C.

27
Q

What is matter?

A

A substance of which a physical object is composed of as long as the weight and dimensions can be measured.

28
Q

Where can you find all the elements or substances from which all matter is made up?

A

Periodic table.

29
Q

What is the mass of proton and neutron?

A

1.67 x10 ¯²⁷

30
Q

What speed does an electron travel at due to its extremely small mass?

A

Speed of light

31
Q

What is the next simplest atom after hydrogen and why?

A

Helium, it has two protons, two neutrons and two electrons.

32
Q

How is each atom identifiable?

A

By the number of protons.

33
Q

When are atoms most stable and less reactive?

A

When their valence is full.

34
Q

Atoms that have fewer than half their valence electrons easily carry moving electrons and are known as what?

A

Conductors

35
Q

Atoms that have more than half their valence electrons are known as?

A

Insulators

36
Q

What is an isoptope?

A

An element that exists in a different variation, for example if a hydrogen atom gains an neutron then it becomes Deuterium.

37
Q

What are the two isotopes of carbon?

A

Carbon-12 and carbon-14, they are named after their mass numbers.

38
Q

In an atomic letter what do the upper and lower numbers refer too?

A

The upper is the protons (atomic number), and the lower is the atomic mass.

39
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

40
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge.

41
Q

How do ions form?

A

When an atom lose or gain electrons to obtain a full valence.

42
Q

What is the process through which ions formed called?

A

Ionisation.

43
Q

What is a negative ion called?

A

Anion

44
Q

What is a positive ion called?

A

Cation

45
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A pure substance which results when two or more atoms share electrons e.g. O2

46
Q

What is chemical bonding?

A

The act of bonding molecules to form a substance.

47
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Two atoms share one or more electrons to form molecules.

48
Q

Where does covalent bonding take place?

A

Usually takes place between two non-metallic elements in a molecule.

49
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

One atom transfers electrons to another atom. The atom losing electrons forms a positive ion and normally metallic. The atom that gains becomes negative and normally non-metallic.

50
Q

What is a chemical compound?

A

A substance made up of two or more elements which join together in a chemical reaction making them difficult to seperate.

51
Q

How many elements are there in the periodic table?

A

118

52
Q

If the valence shell is full the what is the atom said to be?

A

Stable.

53
Q

If the valence shell is less than half full what will the material be?

A

Conductive.

54
Q

If the valence shell is more than half full what will the material be?

A

An insulator.

55
Q

What 3 examples of mixtures are there?

A

Solutions (sea water)
Suspensions (sand in water)
Colloids (clouds)

56
Q

If atmospheric pressure is lower is it easier or harder to boil water?

A

Easier.

57
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Solid to gas without passing through liquid phase.

58
Q

What is deposition?

A

Gas to solid without passing through liquid.

59
Q

How many electrons does titanium have?

A

22

60
Q

How do you work out the valency?

A

If the outer shell is less than 4 the number is its valency, if its more then its 8- number = valency.

61
Q

What form of heat is used to turn into a liquid?

A

Heat of fusion.

62
Q

What is the difference between synthesis and analysis?

A

Synthesis is the making of a compound, analysis is the breaking down.

Cat B- Mod 2 Physics (9 decks)

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