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Gavin Faircloth > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

What are social forces

A

Things that influence people into doing things they may not have done in the first place

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2
Q

What is a level of analysis

A

The size and scope of the things which are studied in a science

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3
Q

How many levels of analysis are there

A

11

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4
Q

What levels of analysis does sociology deal with

A

Groups, classes, institutions, society, globalization

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5
Q

What happens when an individual who belongs to a group acts

A

The groups acts as a whole

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6
Q

What is a class

A

A large amount of people who share a characteristic

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7
Q

What is an institution

A

a set of instructions on what everyone must do or can do in some part of society

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8
Q

What is globalization

A

Places around the globe becoming intertwined with other places

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9
Q

What are the two types of sociology

A

Macrosociology, microsociology

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10
Q

What does macrosociology deal with

A

The higher levels of analysis

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11
Q

What does microsociology deal with

A

The middle levels of analysis, person to person

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12
Q

Who was Georg Simmel

A

a German sociologist who helped found sociology

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13
Q

What was George Simmel first to find

A

Sociology is about numbers, the “quantitative aspects of the group”

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14
Q

What happens when more people are added to a group

A

The group will start to act differently starting to set rules, or laws, and have authority figures

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15
Q

How many people are in a dyad

A

2

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16
Q

What is unique about a dyad

A

It is continually threatened of breaking apart

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17
Q

Why are dyads more emotionally charged than other groups

A

It takes both of them for the group to live but one for it to die

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18
Q

What differentiates a small and large group

A

The way the group acts changes as the group gets larger

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19
Q

How does a small group control people

A

It develops custom

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20
Q

What is custom

A

a shared understanding of what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior

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21
Q

Why does socialism work in a small group, but not a large group

A

Members of the group can monitor other members, so no one will be able to get more than their share

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22
Q

How does a large group control people’s behavior

A

It uses laws or rules

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23
Q

Why are people more free to do what they want in a large group

A

People will not be interacting with everyone so others may not know what that person did

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24
Q

Why are people less likely to confront a transgressor in a large group

A

People can develop their own ideas, so they may not agree on what is appropriate or not

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25
Q

Who enforces laws in large groups

A

Some official authority

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26
Q

What does a large group make

A

A division of labor

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27
Q

What does a division of labor do to the large group

A

Members of the group will become specialized in one task, there will also be divisions within the group

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28
Q

What can happen in a small party that cannot in a large party

A

Sophisticated conversation

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29
Q

Why is it impossible to have sophisticated conversation with a large party

A

The only thing that the group has in common are basic animal pleasures

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30
Q

What will a large party do that small parties may not do

A

Large parties will split into smaller groups

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31
Q

What is the super-individual characteristic of a group

A

The fact that a group does not take on the characteristics of the individuals in it

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32
Q

Who was Charles Horton Cooley

A

A sociologist concerned with the primary group

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33
Q

What is a primary group

A

A group characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation (a small group with strong feelings for each other, emotionally charged relationships)

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34
Q

Why is it considered a “primary” group

A

They form a person, the rest of society depends on this type of group

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35
Q

What happens in a primary group

A

People are taught how to act and what to think

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36
Q

What is something concerning that Cooley says

A

The primary group is fading

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37
Q

Who is Lewis Yablonsky

A

A sociologist who studied street gangs

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38
Q

What is an ideal type

A

a list of characteristics that something must have to be something

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39
Q

What did Yablonsky’s research find

A

Street gangs are not really true groups as they do not fit the ideal type of a group

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40
Q

According to Yablonsky, what is a street gang

A

A near-group, it has some characteristics of a group but is missing some of the true group

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41
Q

What is an institution

A

Instructions society gives to live a successful life

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42
Q

Are institutions and organizations the same

A

No, institutions are general and abstract, organizations are not

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43
Q

Where do organizations get their goals

A

The institution they are in

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44
Q

What happens when an organization has a goal outside of its institution

A

The organization and its goals can be seen as somewhat weird or wrong (ex. church wanting people to elect someone)

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45
Q

What are the 5 major institutions

A

Economy, Family, Education, Politics, Religion

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46
Q

What can a strong institution do

A

It can set rules and control people

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47
Q

Why is crime high

A

The strongest institution is economy, and the other institutions do not keep people from being immoral, so people do what they want to get money

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48
Q

What is a role

A

A role is similar to a job

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49
Q

What do roles do to people

A

Roles bring certain actions and the emotions and attitudes that belong to these actions, they give people their identity, and makes them feel a certain way

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50
Q

What did Philip Zimbardo do in 1971

A

the Stanford Prison Experiment

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51
Q

What did the Stanford Prison Experiment show

A

Roles can really change people, making them act and think completely differently

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52
Q

What is society

A

There is no completely definition for society, only clues to how to imagine it

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53
Q

Ritzer says society is what

A

Society is bounded in space, geographically located

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54
Q

Is there a difference between a nation-state and a society

A

Yes, a nation-state has marked borders and people can only be controlled within the borders, society has gray areas where they share an area and no set boundaries

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55
Q

What is a nation-state

A

A political entity with marked borders where a government controls the people in those borders (a Country)

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56
Q

What does Hughes and Kroehler say society is

A

Society is a group of people who live in a certain area and share a culture (society is also defined by culture)

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57
Q

How many kinds of culture are there and what are they

A

There are two kinds, material culture and nonmaterial culture

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58
Q

What is material culture

A

Everything that is part of society’s CONSTRUCTED physical environment including food, hygiene, technology, etc.

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59
Q

What must material culture be

A

It must be man made, however, the way something in nature is used can be a part of this culture (river ex.)

60
Q

What is nonmaterial culture

A

Values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms

61
Q

What does nonmaterial culture discuss

A

It discusses how people see the world, how people in different cultures see the world differently

62
Q

What does nonmaterial culture do to material culture

A

It gives meaning to material culture, making material things more valuable

63
Q

What can be a way to tell is something is a society

A

It the people have made their own independent 5 major institutions

64
Q

What is Liquidity

A

Things are easier to move around so they go everywhere

65
Q

What is time-space compression

A

Describes how things far away are experienced as much closer and their impacts are felt much sooner

66
Q

How many different perspectives are there on globalization, and what are they

A

3, hyperglobalist, the skeptic, and transformationalists

67
Q

What do hyperglobalists focus on

A

Economics and politics

68
Q

What are hyperglobalists worried about

A

They worry that globalization is taking sovereignty from nation-states

69
Q

Who do hyperglobalists think are the problem

A

International corporations

70
Q

What is the World Trade Organization

A

An organization that enables outside nations to have influence in other nations domestic markets

71
Q

How does the WTO give other nations influence

A

By abolishing tariffs

72
Q

What do hyperglobalists think will happen in the future

A

They think that there will be one global society, very utopian

73
Q

What do the skeptics think about globalization

A

They think globalization begun 500 or more years ago and now the world is actually becoming less globalized

74
Q

Why do the skeptics think that the world is less globalized

A

There is increased regionalization, where there are three major economies now

75
Q

What are the three major economies in which the skeptics believe exist

A

Europe, Asia-Pacific, and North America

76
Q

Do the skeptics think that national sovereignty still exists

A

Yes, and nations have gotten more active with promoting their own countries’ interests with it

77
Q

What do the transformationalists think

A

The transformationalists think that wealth and poverty is no longer concentrated in specific regions, but mix together now

78
Q

What is a good example of what the transformationalists think

A

Mumbai, India, where there are the largest slums in the world and new skyscrapers being built right next to them

79
Q

What is different about the transformationalists when compared to the skeptics and hyperglobalists

A

The transformationalists make no prediction about the future

80
Q

What is a social network comparable to

A

A map, you can follow the relationships to get to another person

81
Q

How do social networks influence people

A

They determine what information someone gets and therefore what they do

82
Q

What level of analysis is a social network on

A

A social network is not at a particular level of analysis, it can be anywhere

83
Q

What is a tie

A

A connection between people, often described in terms of the reason they have that relationship within a particular network

84
Q

What are the two types of ties

A

Direct ties and Indirect ties

85
Q

What is a direct tie

A

When two people have a face-to-face relationship and know one another personally

86
Q

What is an indirect tie

A

When two people are connected in a network through another person or persons

87
Q

What is embeddedness

A

The degree to which a tie is reinforced through indirect parties within a social network (indirect ties making direct ties stronger)

88
Q

What is social network density

A

How many ties are embedded or how many ties there are, more direct ties = more density

89
Q

What is a set/clique/subgroup

A

A bunch of people who have direct ties with each other within a social network, not the whole social network though

90
Q

What is a cut point

A

one person that has connections with one or multiple subgroups

91
Q

What is a variable

A

Some factor which increases or decreases, has characteristics that change, or which is different from case to case

92
Q

What are the types of variables

A

Dependent and independent variables

93
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

“The outcome that the researcher is trying to explain”

94
Q

What is an independent variable

A

A factor which may bring into existence another factor, or change it

95
Q

What does complete research need in sociology

A

A causal mechanism

96
Q

What is a causal mechanism

A

An explanation for why an independent variable brings about a change in the dependent variable

97
Q

What are the two types of research methods

A

Quantitative and qualitative methods

98
Q

What are quantitative methods

A

The use of numbers and statistical techniques to observe frequencies of behavior and to explain some proportion of a variables effect

99
Q

What are qualitative methods

A

Observation of a social setting to describe in detail what is happening there and to understand the system of meanings by which people understand their world and act accordingly (professor’s preferred method)

100
Q

What are the types of quantitative methods

A

Data sets and surveys

101
Q

What are the types of qualitative methods

A

Structured interviews, open-ended interviews, unobtrusive observation, participant observation

102
Q

What did early sociologists ask

A

Why everything with society happened and how it impacted everyone

103
Q

Who were the classical theorists

A

Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim

104
Q

What did Karl Marx study

A

the growth of capitalism

105
Q

What did Max Weber study

A

How and why modern society has become more rationalized

106
Q

What did Emile Durkheim say

A

Modern society has a problem of solidarity

107
Q

What model of society did premodern societies use

A

Feudalism

108
Q

What model of society do modern societies use

A

Capitalism

109
Q

How was Feudalism organized

A

Monarch –> Nobles –> Knights, Vassals –> Merchants, Farmers, Craftsmen –> Peasants, Serfs

110
Q

How did Feudalism work

A

The manor: Serfs work for a lord for a certain amount of days and are also given land they have to pay for, the lords of these are like serfs to people higher than them on the hierarchy

111
Q

How was Capitalism organized

A

It was not really, labor was free, so people had to look for jobs to make a profit, that’s all they care about

112
Q

What in Capitalism made society more urban

A

Factories and people wanting to make more profit

113
Q

What governing system did Feudalism use

A

Monarchies

114
Q

What governing system did Capitalism use

A

Democracies

115
Q

What social change came about in modern society

A

The Enlightenment

116
Q

What did the Enlightenment change

A

Reason became more important than tradition, people became more secular, science became more important than theology

117
Q

What is a consequence of reason being more important than tradition

A

Things will change much more quickly

118
Q

What are the two ways in which modern societies may be more secular

A

The decrease in the power of the church. The decline in personal religious belief.

119
Q

What terms did Ferdinand Tonnies popularize in sociology

A

Gemeinschaft and Gessellschaft

120
Q

What does Gemeinschaft mean

A

It describes premodern society, ‘community, reciprocal, binding sentiment’

121
Q

What does Gessellschaft mean

A

It describes modern society,

122
Q

What does the professor say the deepest understanding of something is

A

The ability to make theories about that thing

123
Q

Whose theory of stratification looks at the top

A

Davis and Moore’s Functionalist Theory

124
Q

Whose theory of stratification looks at the bottom

A

Lewis’ Culture of Poverty theory

125
Q

According to Functionalist Theory, what shows what jobs are the most important

A

The most functionally important jobs are often the most paid

126
Q

What causes stratification according to Functionalist Theory

A

Harder jobs that require more skill are less desirable than easy ones, so society gives them more benefits

127
Q

What is a challenge of the Functionalist Theory

A

A salary does not always match the job’s functional importance

128
Q

What is functional importance

A

How important a job is to society

129
Q

How many characteristics did Lewis identify that shows the Culture of Poverty

A

70 characteristics

130
Q

According to the Culture of Poverty theory, how do poor people react to organizations

A

They do not join major organizations and are critical of large ones and people in high positions, keeping them outside of the mainstream of society

131
Q

According to the Culture of Poverty theory, how do communities react

A

People in poverty do not form wide-reaching relationships and do not create order in their neighborhoods

132
Q

According to the Culture of Poverty theory, what happens to families

A

Poor people do not establish stable families, lack of marriage so men can leave, children do adult things prematurely

133
Q

What is the culture of poverty

A

An adaptation of impoverished people that helps them live a pleasurable life despite having a rough life

134
Q

What does the Culture of Poverty assume

A

Cultural determinism, conditions of people’s lives are caused by their culture

135
Q

What do Marxists focus on

A

Classes and their conflict between each other

136
Q

What are the two classes that Marx said exists

A

The Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

137
Q

What is the Bourgeoisie

A

The class in Marxism that owns everything

138
Q

What is the Proletariat

A

The class in Marxism that owns only its own labor power

139
Q

What causes conflict between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat

A

The Bourgeoisie exploits the Proletariat’s labor power but the Proletariat wants more

140
Q

What is the Labor Theory of Surplus Value

A

M-C-M’ –> M = money, C = commodity, M’ = more money

141
Q

What does the Labor Theory of Surplus Value mean when it says capital is dead labor

A

The capital, or Bourgeoisie, class does nothing but suck the life out of the Proletariat

142
Q

What is the difference between Feudal society and Capitalist society

A

Feudal society had many classes while capitalist society has only two where one is being taken advantage of

143
Q

What does Erik Olin Wright do

A

He mapped out late capitalism’s classes

144
Q

What is the difference of capitalism and late capitalism

A

Late capitalism has more classes, like the Petty Bourgeoisie, and there are contradicting characteristics that people can have from different classes

145
Q

What do Neo-Marxists argue

A

There is a separation between ownership and control

Gavin Faircloth (12 decks)

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