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Gavin Faircloth > World History I > Flashcards

World History I Flashcards

1
Q

What happened in 8000 BCE

A

Agricultural Revolution

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2
Q

What happened in 1517

A

Protestant Reformation

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3
Q

How were groups managed before 8000 BCE

A

kinship groups

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4
Q

How were groups managed after 8000 BCE

A

Religion, Military, Law, Monarch, Economics/Debt

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5
Q

How do historians think (exam 1)

A

Change over time

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6
Q

How do historians think (exam 2)

A

Origins of our republic

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7
Q

How do historians think (exam 3)

A

History through the eyes of religion

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8
Q

How do historians think (exam 4)

A

State building

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9
Q

How did humans conquer the planet

A

Adaptation

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10
Q

What are some crisis humans have and will face

A

Disease, war, climate change

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11
Q

When did Hominids emerge

A

5 million years ago

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12
Q

When did more humans live in cities than in other places

A

2008

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13
Q

How did humans become dominant

A

Weakness forces adaptation

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14
Q

What adaptations allowed humans to become dominant

A

Graceful frame for endurance, pack hunting/groups of 15-60, omnivorous, tool use, technology, fire

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15
Q

What does Jared Diamond say the worst thing to happen to the human race

A

The agricultural revolution, it has made our diets more and more restricted

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16
Q

What are the 4 things needed to have evolution

A
  1. There must be an inheritable trait
  2. One trait must be advantageous
  3. Random mutation must happen
  4. Variations in the inheritable trait must exist
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17
Q

What does fire allow

A

Cooking meat which gets parasites out of meat allowing easier digestion which also means less calories spent on it so there are more to use on developing our brains

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18
Q

What happened between 30,000 to 8,000 BCE

A

Hunter-gatherers organized

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19
Q

What did the organization of hunter-gatherers allow

A

Tribes, hunting bands, gender specialization

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20
Q

What did gender specialization during the hunter-gatherer period mean

A

Women would gather food like berries while men hunt, women more efficient. Women would nurture as per their role assigned by sex

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21
Q

What does Jared Diamond say about men and women in the hunter-gatherer period

A

This was the only time men and women were seen as equal

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22
Q

What did Venus of Willendorf symbolize

A

Fertility and emphasizes milk production, her cap could mean clothes were already being woven

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23
Q

What kind of lifestyle did hunter-gatherers live

A

A nomadic lifestyle because they had to follow their food

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24
Q

How did the Neolithic Revolution spread

A

Through violence, making tools means they can make weapons and more resources lead to larger population

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25
Q

Why did hunter-gatherers lose to farmers

A

They had tools, a larger population, diseases (farmers build immunity while hunter-gatherers do not), and farmers change the environment

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26
Q

Where did the Neolithic Revolution begin

A

Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Jericho, Catal Huyuk, and flood retreat farming with hunter-gatherer-farmers

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27
Q

What was an important technological advancement for farming

A

Scratch plowing, allows plants to grow without other plants taking their nutrients

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28
Q

What was a Judas animal

A

A domesticated animal that would be let out into the wild to be with other animals, then they would call it back

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29
Q

How did the agricultural revolution affect the hunter-gatherer world

A

Bathroom habits formed (hunter-gatherers moved enough so that it didn’t matter), disposal of dead animals, disease became a regular part of life, homogenization of languages (sharing of languages)

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30
Q

What was the impact of the agricultural revolution

A

Population growth (more calories, immune to diseases, and living in one place causes this), health improved, religion (Gods began to live in the sky as that’s where their nutrients came from)

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31
Q

Who is the Greek God of history

A

Clio

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32
Q

How was law based at the beginning of complex society

A

Kin based, parents would be punished for things their children did, now laws are individual based

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33
Q

How were people controlled in early society

A

Religion, law, military, rise of a king (or powerful leader), economics/debt

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34
Q

How did economics control people in early society

A

Debt would keep people from uprising as they had to worry about paying them off

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35
Q

What does imperialism mean in early society

A

A spreading of culture, whereas culture is things passed on by non-genetic means

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36
Q

Where was Mesopotamia

A

Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

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37
Q

What civilization did Mesopotamia give us

A

Sumer, the oldest one in the world

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38
Q

When did Sumer arrive

A

3,500 BCE

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39
Q

What was invented in Sumer

A

Whell, plow, writing, levees and canals, beer

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40
Q

What kind of writing did Sumer come up with

A

Cuneiform and Sexagesimal numbering (base 60)

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41
Q

What was religion like in Mesopotamia

A

Religion kept chaos away, polytheistic (fresh water, sky, storms), anthromorphic (look like humans), vague and gloomy afterlife (make life count)

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42
Q

What were ziggurats

A

Religious tower in stages with a chamber on top (Mesopotamian)

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43
Q

What was the Hammurabi Code

A

The Mesopotamian law, basically eye for an eye instead of execution

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44
Q

What was the significance of the Hammurabi Code

A

The first attempt to order relations by law and made possible appeals to a specific penalty

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45
Q

How were Mesopotamian leaders chosen

A

by god

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46
Q

How were classes in Mesopotamian society

A

Few privileged, 50% commoners, bottom layer is enslaved

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47
Q

How was slavery different in Mesopotamia when compared to the recent past

A

Freedom could be gained through marriage to a free person and one could purchase freedom

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48
Q

What were the Civil War years

A

1861-1865

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49
Q

What could women do in Mesopotamia that was historically unusual

A

They could own property and get dowry back

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50
Q

What was different about the Nile when compared to the Tigris Euphrates

A

It is more predictable

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51
Q

What could women do in Mesopotamia that was historically unusual

A

They could own property and get dowry back

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52
Q

What does being a more predictable river mean for people around the Nile

A

Cities and farms could be right next to the river instead of building levees and canals

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53
Q

What does being a more predictable river mean for people around the Nile

A

Cities and farms could be right next to the river instead of building levees and canals

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54
Q

What is flood retreat farming

A

Planting crops on fresh topsoil after the water has receeded

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55
Q

What does being a more predictable river mean for people around the Nile

A

Cities and farms could be right next to the river instead of building levees and canals

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56
Q

What does being a more predictable river mean for people around the Nile

A

Cities and farms could be right next to the river instead of building levees and canals

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57
Q

What are Cataracts

A

Rapids, shallow water

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58
Q

What do the cataracts in the Nile do to the societies in Egypt

A

It isolated people as they could not bring ships through them

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59
Q

How was Egypt isolated

A

There was the East and West

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60
Q

What did isolation do to the societies in Egypt

A

The societies could not attack each other as much

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61
Q

What was Egypt’s religion like

A

Pharaohs were gods, so polytheistic and explains mummification along with pyramids

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62
Q

How do we know this

A

Hieroglyphics and the Rosetta Stone

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63
Q

What did the Rosetta Stone have on it

A

Three texts, one of which Greek allowing the other two which were hieroglyphics to be solved, it was a royal

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64
Q

What did Akhenaton bring to Egyptian religion

A

Monotheism, one god, in an attempt to gain power

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64
Q

What did Akhenaton bring to Egyptian religion

A

Monotheism, one god, in an attempt to gain power

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65
Q

Why isn’t Akhenaton considered the person to bring along monotheism

A

Monotheism did not stand

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66
Q

What did King Tutankhamen

A

Reversed Akhenaton’s monotheism, restored pantheism

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67
Q

What must religion be to work

A

It can’t imposed from the outside, must resonate with experience

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68
Q

Who was Robert Sapolsky

A

A Neurobiologist who understands why Christians are Christians but doesn’t agree with them

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69
Q

What did the Hebrews change

A

Religion became monotheistic

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70
Q

What is and who brought the idea of ethical monotheism

A

A religion where behavior matters and the Hebrews brought it

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71
Q

What does Pistos mean

A

Greek that translates to ‘faith,’ the first three letters come from the Greek word meaning ‘to unite’ with God

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72
Q

What do Christians, Jews, and Muslims share

A

The same God

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73
Q

Who were the patriarchs to the Hebrews

A

Abraham, Issac, and Jacob

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74
Q

What kind of lifestyle did the Hebrews live

A

They were nomads, ‘People of the Tent’

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75
Q

Where did Abraham go

A

Ur to Syria to Palestine to Egypt in 1800ish BCE

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76
Q

What happened to the Hebrews in Egypt

A

They became slaves until they were led out by Moses in 1200ish BCE

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76
Q

Why did slaves in the recent past want to learn how to read

A

So they could read about Moses and the Exodus and how those slaves got out of Egypt, comparable to what they were going through

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77
Q

What was Moses’ Covenant

A

The Ten Commandments

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78
Q

What did Moses do with the Hebrews

A

The Exodus, leading the Hebrews out of Egypt

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79
Q

Who led Israel and what was the capital

A

Saul, David, and Solomon led and the capital was Jerusalem

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80
Q

How did Israel split

A

Israel in the North with ten tribes and Judah in the south with two tribes

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81
Q

Who was Israel’s monarchy set up under

A

David

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82
Q

Who built the temple in Jerusalem

A

Solomon

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83
Q

Who defeated Israel

A

The Assyrians, also destroying it in 722 BCE

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84
Q

Where were the Assyrians before they defeated Israel

A

Land North of Mesopotamia

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85
Q

How did the Assyrians control society

A

They used intimidation and cruelty, possibly even inventing crucifixion

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86
Q

Who defeated the Assyrians and when

A

The Babylonians defeated them in 587 BCE

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87
Q

Who defeated the Babylonians

A

The Persians defeated them

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88
Q

Who was Persia’s first ruler

A

Cyrus, he annexed Mesopotamia, Assyria, all the way to India

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89
Q

Who was Cyrus’ first son and what did he do

A

Dairus, he created Persepolic to rule the empire along with the Royal Road

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90
Q

What can the Royal Road be compared to

A

The US interstate system to move the military during WW2

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91
Q

How was Persia governed by

A

Districts were ruled by a Satrap, a leader similar to a king

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92
Q

How was Persian society ordered

A

Warrior nobility was on top, then a priestly group, and then everyone else

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93
Q

What was the Persian’s religion

A

Zoroastrianism, which could have inspired Christian dualism

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94
Q

Who was Ahura Mazda

A

The Zoroastrian god of good (or light)

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95
Q

Who was Angra Mainya

A

The Zoroastrian version of satan

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96
Q

What are the Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion

A

Chinese philosophy, Indian religion, Hebrew religion, Greek philosophy

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97
Q

When were the Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion

A

800-300 BCE

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98
Q

What was Chinese philosophy’s main goal

A

It would tell people how to live harmoniously

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99
Q

What was the Chinese worldview

A

That heaven and earth are one and that China is the celestial kingdom

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100
Q

What does philosopher mean

A

Lover of wisdom

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101
Q

What did Confucius want

A

Unbroken social harmony from monarch to the individual

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102
Q

What were the three major schools of thought in Chinese philosophy and what are the about

A

Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, all are about living life harmoniously

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103
Q

What was Confucius other than a philosopher

A

He was a teacher, so he never created anything new

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104
Q

What are the Analects

A

Sayings that Confucius would use that his followers collected

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105
Q

“I would not want to do to others what I do not want them to do to me”

A

Confucianism

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106
Q

“Nowadays, for a person to be fillial means no more than that he is able to provide his parents with food. Even dogs and horses are provided with food. If a person shows no reverence, where is the difference?”

A

Confucianism

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107
Q

“Observe what a person has in mind to do when his father is alive, and then observe what he does when his father is dead. If, for three years, he makes no changes to his father’s ways, he can be said to be a good son”

A

Confucianism

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108
Q

“It is necessary that the ruler order and the subject obey the father be kind and the son dutiful, the elder brother loving and the younger repectful, the husband be harmonious and the wife gentle, the mother-in-law kind and the daughter-in-law obedient-these are things in ritual”

A

Confucianism

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109
Q

In Confucius’ mind, what do people have

A

People have responsibilities

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110
Q

What is different in Taoism when compared to Confusianism

A

Taoism offers a relief from responsibilities

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111
Q

What is one way to sum up Taoism

A

If you are one with the universe, all else will follow. Or go with the flow

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112
Q

What are the two principles of Taoism

A

Any action pushed to the extreme generates an opposite response. Too much government is as bad as too little government

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113
Q

“Govern a large state as you would cook a small fish”

A

Taoism

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114
Q

Who founded Taoism

A

Lao-Tse (604 BCE - 531 BCE) a contemporary of Confucius

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115
Q

“Fill your bowl to the brim and it will spill”

A

Taoism

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116
Q

“Keep sharpening your knife, and it will blunt”

A

Taoism

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117
Q

“Chase after money and security and your heart will never unclench”

A

Taoism

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118
Q

“Care about people’s approval and you will be their prisoner”

A

Taoism

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119
Q

“Do your work, then step back. The only path to serenity”

A

Taoism

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120
Q

What was a way to sum up Legalism

A

Ending crisis needed a strong state and a united country, people are fundamentally “depraved, selfish, greedy and lustful”

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121
Q

What was Indian religion about

A

Existence is an endless cycle (or actually only 7 cycles)

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122
Q

Why did Indian religions stop using animal sacrifices

A

Peasants could not practice the religion because they didn’t have the means for it, so the religion becomes more about gaining power through knowledge

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123
Q

What was a Upanishad

A

Something like a priest for the Indian religions

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124
Q

What was the Upanishadic worldview

A

They placed a premium of knowledge over ritual, religion is not something you do but something you believe. Immortality is defined as escape from existence itself, however, existence is an endless cycle

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125
Q

What is the first answer to the endless cycle

A

Dharma which ends in rebirth in heaven

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126
Q

What is Dharma

A

The right order of things which the layperson can participate in. We have responsibility for our station in life.

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127
Q

What is the goal in Dharma

A

Do things that acquire merit and avoid things that bring evil consequences, which will bring rebirth in heaven.

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128
Q

What is the second answer to the endless cycle

A

Moksha, any action is counterproductive because it generates karma which means more rebirth.

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129
Q

How does one achieve Moksha

A

Withdrawing from society. The goal is to escape all rebirth, so Moksha is permanent

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130
Q

What does India give us

A

Hinduism as well as Buddhism, but Buddhism is it’s greatest contribution to the world

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131
Q

Who is Siddhartha Gautama

A

He was a leader who saw a sick man, a dead man, and an old man and has an epiphany about the Four Noble Truths and became the Buddha

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132
Q

What are the Four Noble Truths

A
  1. All life is suffering, no matter how happy you are, it will end.
  2. The source of suffering is desire.
  3. You have to end desire to end suffering.
  4. To end desire you have to follow the 8 fold path
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133
Q

How many cycles does Buddhism have

A

7 cycles

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134
Q

What is Samsara

A

The Buddhist endless cycle

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135
Q

What is Karma

A

Every action has its effect sooner or later

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136
Q

What was important about Hebrew religion

A

It brought the idea that religion could have one all-powerful god to rule the universe

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137
Q

Who was Abraham

A

The patriarch of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam who lived around the 2nd Millennium BCE

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138
Q

What do the Hebrews link god to

A

History

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139
Q

Who was Moses

A

He led people out of Egypt into Palestine and epitomizes a special relationship with the Ten Commandments, lived around the 2nd Century BCE

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140
Q

Who defeated Israel in 722 BCE

A

The Assyrians defeated the North

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141
Q

Who defeated Judah in 562 BCE

A

Babylonia destroys the South and the temple

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142
Q

Who defeated Judah in 562 BCE

A

The Babylonians defeated the South and the temple

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143
Q

After the Jews rebuild the temple, who destroys it a second time and when

A

Rome destroys it in 70 CE

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144
Q

What is the consequence of the Romans destroying the temple the second time

A

Jews start to think about ways to worship god without a temple, becoming “People of the Book”

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145
Q

What is Israel defined by

A

A shared religious faith, which is extremely new at the time

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146
Q

What is important about Greek philosophy

A

How it focuses on and brings the rational investigation of the universe forward

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147
Q

What does Stephen Hawkins agree with Greek philosophy on

A

That there could be a god but that belief is not needed to understand the universe

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148
Q

What gods did many Greeks worhsip

A

They worshipped Zeus, Hera, Poseidon as well as other ones

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149
Q

What does Protagoras say about Agnosticism

A

“About the gods I have no knowledge either that the yare or that they are not or what is their nature”

150
Q

Who came up with the idea that health did not have to do with supernatural forces

A

Hippocrates

151
Q

What did Thucydides say

A

Human events and nature do not require supernatural understanding

152
Q

What did the Greeks give us

A

Political and moral philosophy

153
Q

How did the Greeks shift identity

A

It went from membership in a tribe to citizen of a city-state or polic

154
Q

What did the Greeks think their citizens have to be before they could be citizens

A

They wanted their citizens to have served in the military

155
Q

What happened to Socrates

A

The Greek government said he corrupted the youth, so the city-state decided he could commit suicide or be exiled, of which he chose death by hemlock

156
Q

Who were the three big Greek philosophers

A

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

157
Q

What was Socrates’ main idea

A

That most people don’t know what society needs, “unconcealed contempt for democracy” meaning we need philosopher kings

158
Q

What was Plato’s main idea

A

Rational thought makes a good man, he asked this with “What is a good man and how is he made?”

159
Q

What was Aristotle’s main idea

A

Empiricism, take things in with our sense then hypothesize

160
Q

What were the two Indus River Valley Civilizations

A

Harappa and Mohenja-Daro

161
Q

What happened to the Indus River Valley Civilizations

A

They were wiped out by climate change

162
Q

What does Wilson say about our future

A

“If we are killed by anything, it will be catastrophic climate change because we will not be able to adapt fast enough”

163
Q

Where is the Aryan Conquest and how long does it take

A

It was in India and took about 2500 years, from 1500 BCE to 1000 CE

164
Q

What made India hard to unite

A

The topography/geography made it difficult

165
Q

What religion was characterized by elaborate rituals

A

Brahmanism

166
Q

What is Brahmanism the precursor of

A

Hinduism which led to Buddhism

167
Q

What is the Brahman sacred text

A

Vedas, the last part is the Upanishads from which we get the transmigration of souls

168
Q

How do bad people flourish if karma is supposed to strike them down

A

Karma will dictate their next life

169
Q

What is different about meat in Indian religions

A

They can eat meat, just not kill things to get it

170
Q

What was Indian society divided into

A

Five castes

171
Q

What are the castes Indian society is split into

A

Brahmins: the priestly caste, Kshatriya: the warrior caste, Vaisya: the commoner caste, Sudras: the peasant caste (manual labor), and Untouchables: descendants of slaves or prisoners

172
Q

What could castes not do between each other

A

They could not marry outside of their castes

173
Q

What religion is like a sponge

A

Hinduism, nothing is abandoned or lost

174
Q

What are the key concepts of Hinduism that make it work well

A

The next life is more important than this one/belief in reincarnation. Brahman (what you see is not real). Individual atman is a part of universal Brahman (atman is something like a soul). It is impossible to be a heretic in Hinduism since they absorb everything

175
Q

What was the first empire in North India

A

The Mauryan Empire

176
Q

Who was the founder of the first dynasty in the Mauryan Empire

A

Chandragupta

177
Q

Who was Asoka Maurya

A

The third emperor of the Mauryan Empire, reigning from 273-232 BCE. Came into power by being the last choice in his bloodline. He was ruthless and seized the throne by killing 99 of his brothers

178
Q

How did Asoka Maurya manage people under him

A

He had a torture chamber and would use it to set examples

179
Q

What happened to Asoka Maurya in the Battle of Kalinga

A

He had a conversion experience and became a Buddhist Monk, he sent others throughout Asia and hires dharma inspectors and also started to invest in public works

180
Q

How did writing begin in China

A

Oracle bones which would tell people their future as well as other things by reading the cracks

181
Q

How was China advanced for its time

A

It had bronze and other skills in metallurgy 2500 years ahead of Europe. “Our King has indeed a virtuous character, compliant to heaven and inspiring example….” Ding vessels used for Water festival sacrifices

182
Q

Why did the Shang dynasty fail

A

“They sought for nothing but excessive pleasure”

183
Q

Who came after the Shang dynasty and why

A

The Zhou dynasty and because they said they had lost the mandate of heaven

184
Q

How did the Zhou dynasty come to power

A

Through a civil war and defeating the Shang dynasty, they said that the Shang emperor was deluded by an evil and beautiful woman

185
Q

What is the Mandate of Heaven

A

The emperor is divinely chosen and you cannot argue with god.
“Heaven has sent down ruin of the Shang. Shang has lost the mandate and Zhou has received it….”

186
Q

“Isn’t it a pleasure to study and practice what you have learned? Isn’t it also great when friends visit from distant places? If one remains not annoyed when he is not understood by people around him, isn’t he a sage?”

A

Confucianism

187
Q

“I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.”

A

Confucianism

188
Q

“Education breeds confidence. Confidence breeds hope. Hope breeds peace.”

A

Confucianism

189
Q

“The essence of knowledge is, having it, to apply it;”

A

Confucianism

190
Q

How does Qin create a unified state

A

By having a tightly controlled, militaristic state, pretty much everything required the state’s permission

191
Q

How did Qin take over other kingdoms

A

By using threats, bogus treaties, and assassination

192
Q

What is the enduring feature of Chinese Civilization

A

The Dynastic Cycle, leaders stay until they lose the mandate of heaven and then are replaced

193
Q

What is an emperor’s job in Chinese Civilization

A

The emperor controls the universe as well as the Yellow River (aka China’s Sorrow) also meaning he controls the crops

194
Q

What is the average height of the US President

A

5’ 11’’

195
Q

What were the dates for WW2

A

1939-1945

196
Q

What is good about having law

A

It punishes the offender, offers reform to the offender, is a way to order society, and ends the need for revenge

197
Q

What did the constant irrigation of the Tigris-Euphrates rivers result in

A

Salinization

198
Q

What helped the Mesopotamians and Sumerians accept their hard lives

A

Religion and beer

199
Q

What years did WWI occur

A

1914-1918

200
Q

What did WWI end

A

The idea that the human race is improving in every way every day

201
Q

What does James Loewen write

A

There are only two ways to remember history, by making a personal connection to it or having an emotional experience with it.

202
Q

What is Shabbos Goi

A

A person a Jew would hire to do work on the Sabbath

203
Q

How did Mesopotamia start writing and what did they write

A

They started writing for economic reasons and they wrote the Epic of Gilgamesh which is the mother of all literature

204
Q

Who was the first Emperor of China

A

Qin Shi Huangdi (286-210 BCE)

205
Q

Who started the Great Wall of China

A

Qin Shi Huangdi

206
Q

Who had a massive terracotta army to defend him in the afterlife

A

Qin Shi Huangdi

207
Q

What is the Socratic method

A

Ask a question and then answer, then keep asking questions about the answers you give

208
Q

Who was the Persians’ first ruler

A

Cyrus the Great (Cyrus the Elder, etc)

209
Q

Where did Cyrus annex

A

Mesopotamia, Assyria, all the way to India

210
Q

How does the Old Testament remember the Persians (or Cyrus)

A

Warmly in Ezra and Isaiah for ending the Babylonian captivity of the Hebrews and restoring them to Jerusalem in 586BCE/538BCE

211
Q

Who was Cyrus’ son and what did he do

A

Cambyses II and he continued his father’s expansion

212
Q

What did Dairus do

A

He was Cambyses’ lance bearer, he orchestrated a coup d’etat

213
Q

What happens after Dairus’ coup d’etat

A

They become the Achaemenids

214
Q

What did Dairus create to rule the Achaemenids (past Persians)

A

Persepolis

215
Q

What is Persepolis

A

The ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid empire

216
Q

Who created the Royal Road

A

Dairus

217
Q

“Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor dark of night prevents these couriers”

A

A quote about the Royal Road that some people think is also the U.S. Postal Service’s motto

218
Q

What were Darius’ elite troops

A

The Immortals

219
Q

What would happen if one of The Immortals died

A

He would be replaced, they are also 10,000 strong

220
Q

Who won the Battle of Marathon and Battle of Salamis

A

The Greeks and then spreaded their culture

221
Q

When was Early Greece

A

750 BCE

222
Q

When was Archaic Greece

A

750 BCE to 500 BCE

223
Q

When was Classical Greece

A

500 BCE to 338 BCE

224
Q

Was something ever called Greece

A

No

225
Q

When was Minoan Crete (Island of Peace)

A

2,000 to 1,500 BCE

226
Q

What was architecture like in Minoan Crete

A

The absence of ruler exalting monuments but there were graves of bones though, four major palaces, there was peace so little fortifications

227
Q

What was social life like in Minoan Crete

A

Men and women shared public life

228
Q

What was Crete

A

A Thalassocracy, or ruler of the sea

229
Q

What was the first seaborne empire

A

Carthage

230
Q

What was civilization centered around in Minoan Crete

A

Commerce instead of agriculture, trading crafted goods and monopoly on trade

231
Q

What is Saffron

A

A seasoning, fragrance, dye, and medicine

232
Q

What was religion like in Minoan Crete

A

Personal, small shrines, no big anthropomorphic gods, centers on nature

233
Q

What was writing like in Minoan Crete

A

Linear A (syllabic writing) - a list of names followed by numbers (not interpreted yet)

234
Q

When was Mycenaean Greece

A

2,000 to 1,200 BCE

235
Q

What was religion like in Mycenaean Greece

A

Polytheism

236
Q

When was the Trojan War

A

13/12th BCE by Homer 8th BCE

237
Q

When does Mycenaean Greece start to decline

A

1300 BCE, we are unsure why

238
Q

When is the Dark Age of Greece

A

1,200 - 800 BCE with the collapse of Mycenaean Culture

239
Q

How were gods during the Dark Age of Greece

A

Acted like humans except immortal and strong

240
Q

How was religion during the Dark Age of Greece

A

Worship was not emotional and private morality was to do good to friends and harm to enemies

241
Q

When did Greece start showing signs of recovery from the dark age

A

800 BCE

242
Q

What is Hellas

A

The root word for Greece (mainland Greece)

243
Q

What did Mount Olympus bring

A

Greek worship celebrated their gods, hence the birth of the olympics

244
Q

What were the Fates

A

Three old sisters who spun and wove the thread of destiny

245
Q

What were the Muses

A

The patron goddesses of the arts

246
Q

What were the Furies

A

Female deities who lived in the underworld and exacted vengeance on evil-doers

247
Q

What were the Heroes

A

People like Hercules

248
Q

When did the Greeks start the Olympics

A

786 BCE

249
Q

What did Archaic Greece change

A

Identity shifts from membership in a tribe to citizen of a polis/city-state

250
Q

Why did Greeks begin to spread out

A

Overpopulated, so food could not support them and they needed more land, especially for farming

251
Q

Where did Archaic Greece colonize

A

Around the Aegean sea, on parts of Asia Minor, in southern parts of Italy, France, and Spain, trading with others as they go

252
Q

What did the Polis provide

A

A defense, every citizen needed to own a long spear and shield

253
Q

What else did the Polis provide

A

Justice, a citizen could be ostracized, fines for proposed legislation that did not pass to discourage frivolous proposals

254
Q

What was society in Archaic Greece like

A

Artisans and merchants became more important but farmers remained most important

255
Q

What did farmers grow in Archaic Greece

A

Wheat, grapes, olives, green vegetables, fruit, sheep, goats, meat from sacrificed animals

256
Q

What were aristocrats like in Archaic Greece

A

They employed laborers, sharecroppers and slaves, center of their life was social, participated in contests

257
Q

What did Sparta focus on and why

A

Military to manage revolts of the Helots around 650 BCE

258
Q

Why did Sparta attack Messenia

A

They needed land for agriculture, Messenians become helots, captives, and slaves

259
Q

How did Athens begin

A

Cleisthenes (508-507 BCE) wrote a constitution and created demokratia

260
Q

Why did Athens prosper

A

Trade and commerce

261
Q

What were the two groups in Sparta

A

Equals and Helots

262
Q

What were Helots

A

Captive Messenians who did agricultural work, bearing children, endured humiliation and murder

263
Q

Why were the Spartans so strong

A

The constant threat of helot revolt makes Sparta very militaristic, small children raised to be fighting machines

264
Q

Spartan equals were made not born, how

A

Ancient Greece’s only professional army, public officials examined infants to determine who lived and who was abandoned, sons would live with mother for 7 years

265
Q

What happened to 7 year old spartan sons

A

Entered the krypteia, a wonderfully severe training in hardihood, barfoot in winter, sleep without coverlets, etc.

266
Q

What happened to 12 year old spartan sons

A

They began to train with swords and spears, slept on mats and encouraged to steal food, older boys selected younger boys for homosexual lovers (culture of dominance)

267
Q

What happened to 20 year old spartan sons

A

They were enrolled in the army and sent out to kill a helot, living in barracks until 30 then becoming a full citizen

268
Q

What would spartan women train and why

A

They would train in running, wrestling, javelin and discus throwing, it was believed to make them tougher in childbirth

269
Q

How would Spartan mothers react to their sons coming back from battle and not coming back from battle

A

The mothers would rejoice if their son died in battle while being shameful if they came back

270
Q

What was not a crime in Sparta

A

Adultery, it made warriors

271
Q

What was something Spartan women could do

A

They could own property

272
Q

What did the Spartans have to do because they were not numerous

A

They allied with others, the Peloponnesian League made Sparta the most powerful city-state

273
Q

How did Solon emerge in Athens

A

Class conflict emerged, farmers borrowed from wealthy neighbors and became enslaved, poor revolted

274
Q

What did Solon do

A

He sets up reforms that lead to Democracy, he also saw the advantage of compromise

275
Q

What were Solon’s reforms (“Shaking off Burdens”)

A

Ended the practice of enslaving those in debt, loans that could lead to enslavement were banned. Solon lowered property requirements for citizenship. Solon initiated the trial by jury. Solon had weights and measures standardized. Adopted a lighter silver coinage. Initiated cultivating olive trees as an agricultural commodity

276
Q

Who was the founder of democracy

A

Cleisthenes

277
Q

What did Cleisthenes do

A

Made representation in the Athenian assembly reflect location rather than tribes/social groups and increased devotion to Polis and weakened regional loyalties

278
Q

What was the Delian League

A

An alliance of city-states controlled by Athens

279
Q

What did Pericles do

A

They used Delian League money to build Athens’ navy

280
Q

What launched the Peloponnesian Wars

A

Sparta was provoked by Athens’ abuse of funds, this was a battle between cultures

281
Q

Who won the Peloponnesian Wars

A

Sparta, but all of Greece was weakened

282
Q

What did Athens produce

A

The Age of Pericles

283
Q

What did Pericles do

A

Expanded powers of assembly, paid jurors and magistrates, abolished property requirements for office holding, birthed Patriotism through Funeral Oration (Similar to Lincoln)

284
Q

What is Plato/Platonism

A

Study of absolutes, did not study change, forms the idea of a chair

285
Q

What did Aristotle as an Empiricist do

A

The student of Plato, became the polar opposite of him though, there is no perfect realm, just what we see, chairness is what we see, no separate timeless existence

286
Q

What did Aristotle say about the soul

A

It gives the body meaning, so it goes with the body at death

287
Q

Causes of the fall of imperialistic Rome

A

Fewer volunteers for the army and non-roman (called the Foederati), tooo much power concentrated within the role emperor (The emperor had trouble claiming an heir because of assassinations)

288
Q

Alexander the Great conquered a large amount of land, what are his boundaries

A

Indus River (East) to Tiber River (West or Peloponnesia)

289
Q

What did emperor Constantine do

A

Ends the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (really just makes it legal to be a Christian), first Christian emperor

290
Q

Philosophy shifts from external to internal concerns, what are three examples

A

Stoicism (enduring misfortune), Epicureanism (balance of suffering and pleasure), Skepticism (can’t trust senses)

291
Q

The Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome lead to what change in Rome

A

Imperial Rome (

292
Q

King Philip II creates self-ruling cities, what where these called

A

The League of Corinth (similar to sattraps)

293
Q

Which Greek culture could men and women share public life

A

Minoan

294
Q

What are the names of the battles between Early Greeks and the Persians

A

Battle of Marathon and Battle of Salamis

295
Q

What does Early Greek society center around

A

Farming

296
Q

What time period is believed to originate the Polis

A

Archaic Greece

297
Q

The founding myths of Rome all have a shared purpose what is it

A

Builds loyalty to the family and state

298
Q

What was the purpose of many short battles in Archaic Greece

A

To win crops and land

299
Q

The Roman Republic is socially divided into two groups, what are they

A

Patricians and the plebians

300
Q

What change does the founder of Democracy propose for the Athenian assembly

A

Representation reflects location, not the tribe

301
Q

Thalassocracy and the first seaborne civilization describe two different civilizations, what are they

A

Minoan and Carthaginian

302
Q

The Dark Ages present a shift in philosophy. What does it become

A

Private morality, Good to friends bad to enemies

303
Q

Who were the elite warriors in the army of Darius

A

The Immortals

304
Q

Who did the Greeks not consider a threat before the mid 4th century BCE

A

The Macedonians

305
Q

What would Macedonian leaders do

A

They would purposely imitate Greek life, culture, and cities

306
Q

During the Peloponneasian Wars, who was consolidating power to challenge Greece

A

Philip II

307
Q

Where and why was Philip II held hostage before he was a king

A

At Thebes as a part of a treaty between Macedonia and Thebes

308
Q

What did Philip II learn while he was held hostage

A

Greek military and political skills, phalanx

309
Q

What was one reason for King Philip II’s success

A

Infantry used pikes 14 feet long (4 feet longer than Greek Hoplites), phalanxes move forward then cavalry moved in from the sides

310
Q

What was another reason for King Philip II’s success

A

He engineered a revolt in Euboea nearby Athens, winning and buying friends. Did not want to destroy by military domination.

311
Q

Who tried to organize against Philip II

A

The Athenian Demosthenes

312
Q

What did Philip II do in 340 BCE

A

He abandoned diplomacy and used force to subdue city-states

313
Q

What did Philip II do in 337 BCE

A

He proposed the League of Corinth

314
Q

What was the League of Corinth

A

A confederation of Greek city-states, each city ruled itself, led by Philip II or descendant, would send troops to aid Philip II.

315
Q

What happened to Philip II in 336 BCE

A

He was murdered at age 23

316
Q

Who came after Philip II

A

Alexander the Great

317
Q

What did Philip II leave for Alexander the Great

A

A unified kingdom (Greece no longer fragmented), a strengthened army

318
Q

How did Alexander the Great manage a group of strangers

A

He destroyed Thebes as a warning to other city-states

319
Q

How could Alexander the Great be cruel

A

Crucified 2000 people after a difficult victory, dragged an opponent alive around the city, cut off ears and nose of one and caged him with a dog

320
Q

When did Alexander the Great die

A

323 BCE, body not found

321
Q

How were Hellenistic cities organized

A

Physically like Greeks, introduced eastern gods to Greek gods (eg. Dionysus, god of wine)

322
Q

What was a troublesome translation in Koine Greek

A

God is nowhere/now here

323
Q

Who was Aristarchus

A

An astronomer who supposed a heliocentric world in 230 BCE (long before Copernicus in 1543)

324
Q

Who found Elements of Geometry

A

Euclid (died 300ish BCE)

325
Q

Who used geometry to calculate circumference of the earth (at Alexandria)

A

Eratosthenes (died 194 BCE)

326
Q

Who measured gravity and found the Archimedes’ Principle

A

Archimedes (died 212 BCE)

327
Q

What is Stoicism

A

The ability to endure misfortune

328
Q

Who founded Stoicism

A

Zeno

329
Q

What is an example of stoicism

A

Religions like Christianity (“There’s a land that is fairer than day….”)

330
Q

What is Epicureanism

A

A balance of suffering and pleasure, inspired by Democritus’ atomic theory and created by Epicures

331
Q

What is Skepticism

A

Nothing can be known with certainty, we can only know by empiricism/out senses (which are deceived easily)

332
Q

How does Alexander the Great’s death split the Greek kingdom

A

His generals get land: Seleucus gets Persia, Ptolemy gets Egypt, Antigonus gets Macedon

333
Q

What improvements were made after Greece split

A

Transportation improvements: canals, domesticated camels, Greek weights and measures, spread of coinage, Silk from China with tolls and taxes

334
Q

What was on the silk road

A

Silk, horses, paper, spices, jade, glassware, furs, slaves

335
Q

What was important about the silk road

A

It connected multiple people and cultures, farming became commercial

336
Q

What was the first seaborne empire in world history

A

Carthage

337
Q

What city makes Carthage

A

Tyre

338
Q

Where is Carthage

A

Off the Phoenician coast

339
Q

Why was Carthage so important

A

It linked Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Anatolia

340
Q

How did sailors navigate

A

Phoenician sailors recognized the North Star

341
Q

What were the geographical advantages of Ancient Italy

A

Long peninsula, central alps, plains west of the Apennine Mountains

342
Q

What was the constructed genesis story of Rome

A

A Vestal virgin raped by Mars, Hercules, or someone and had twins, raised by a wolf, Romulus kills Remus and Romulus builds Rome

343
Q

How did Rome emerge

A

1000 BCE several farming villages emerged around the Tiber River, they prospered and became Rome

344
Q

How did the Romans compare to the Greeks

A

Romans were more practical while the Greeks were more theoretical

345
Q

How did the Roman Republic start

A

509 BCE, Romans overthrew non-Roman rulers and instituted a Republic

346
Q

Who was Lucretia

A

A Roman noblewoman who was raped by an Etruscan king and commits suicide, husband avenges her death by forcing Etruscans out of Rome (shows devotion to family and state)

347
Q

What were Vestal virgins

A

Women who attended to the temple of Vesta, goddess of the hearth

348
Q

Where does the word Republic come from

A

Latin for public property; res publica

349
Q

What was the highest political office in Republican Rome

A

Consul with two people elected as co-emperors

350
Q

What were the Republic of Rome’s two orders

A

Patricians and Plebians

351
Q

What were Patricians

A

Roman Aristocracy, landowners, elite

352
Q

What were Plebians

A

Everyone else

353
Q

What did the conflict of Patricians and Plebians lead to

A

The Struggle of Orders

354
Q

What did the Struggle of Orders result in

A

Tribune (chosen by the masses to represent the masses), Twelve Tables (first Roman law code), The Roman Republic ends and Roman Empire emerges

355
Q

What were the Twelve Tables

A

The first Roman law code which was inscribed on twelve bronze tablets

356
Q

What brought the Roman Republic down

A

War/Imperialism (3rd century BCE)

357
Q

How did the First Punic War start

A

Rome wanted to expand and attacked Sicily which was part of the Carthaginian empire, Rome winds

358
Q

How did the Second Punic War go

A

Rome and Carthage fight over the Iberian Peninsula

359
Q

Hannibal do

A

Lost half of his men but killed 46,000 Romans in one day, largest one day total in European warfare, then fled to Anatolia

360
Q

How did Rome win against the Carthaginians

A

Citizens continued to volunteer for service, wealthy Romans agreed to pay increased taxes, troops overseas did not complain about the lack of payment or lack of supplies

361
Q

How did the Third Punic War go

A

Rome sends Carthage an ultimatum, move your city back ten miles from Mediterranean

362
Q

What was the outcome of the Third Punic War

A

Carthaginian city population dropped from 500,000 to 50,000

363
Q

What was the significance of the Punic Wars

A

The third marked the beginning of imperialism, Rome not only attacked Carthage, but its allies too and annexed land. Prisoners of war become slaves, bringing slavery more prominent. Rome transitioned from a society of small farmers to one of plantations

364
Q

What did Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus do

A

They wanted reform but were killed along with their followers

365
Q

What did Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus show

A

The Roman Empire had serious problems and foreshadows a change in political life, resort to violence for problem-solving

366
Q

Why does Christianity spread so dramatically through the Roman Empire

A

It offers hope and is spiritually satisfying. Rivals failed, managing heresies and heretics done better, ethics are looking better and better, Constantine embraces Christianity, persecution creates martyrs, emergence of an institution

367
Q

What caused Rome’s instability

A

Patronage system, patrons, leaders of armies, rewarded their peasant soldiers with money and land, peasants followed patrons instead of Roman leaders

368
Q

When and why was Julius Caesar murdered

A

In 44 BCE as they feared he threatened centuries old political institutions

369
Q

What was Lepidus charged of after the defeat of Caesar

A

Treason

370
Q

How did Antony damaged his reputation

A

He had an affair with the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra

371
Q

Why did Romans dislike Cleopatra

A

Too regal, aloof, rumors had Cleopatra controlling Antony

372
Q

Who declares war in 31 BCE

A

Octavian declares war on Antony and Cleopatra

373
Q

How did Antony and Cleopatra die

A

They committed suicide

374
Q

What did Octavian do during his reign

A

Purge the Senate of those members opposing him, reordered the Roman military

375
Q

What is one fall of the Roman Empire

A

Fewer volunteers for the army (military fails, Foedarati weaken Italy’s perimeter), too much power in the hands of the emperor, economic problems

Gavin Faircloth (12 decks)

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