Final Forgotten

Question 1

Approximation

Answer 1

1) is that the the conc of H+ and A- at eauliborummare the same
- this is because you ignire the dissociation of water

2) is that the conc of Ha at start is roughly same as equilibrium
- this is because it is Ha - H+ = HA dab but you saying that H at equilborum already very small due to being a weak acid

If kA is big this breaks down tho, and it takes an effect snd conchs are no longer same

If it is very weak acid first one breaks down because then the water will take a play

Question 2

Good ph range

Answer 2

Must be from 7.35 to 7.45 ideally 7.4

Buffer if acid added, h + increase so shfit to left to counter and reduce thid
Alkali added, rescts with h+ j+ decrease

Wuivalcne loitn is when volume one reacts with another
End point when concsof the weak acids and conjugate base in indiactorthr same

Question 3

Enthral you change formation

Answer 3

Enthalpy change that acommpankes one mole of product being made from its constituent elements under standard codntionsin standard sat.ets

Question 4

Enthalpy change of solution

Hydration

Answer 4

Is the enthaklh change tang twkes place when one mole of solute becomes disolcedin a solvent .

This is lattice tk aqueous ions

This is when a gaseous ion becomes aqueous , and as it makes bindswith water, energy releases so it goes down

So starting with the gaseous ions two routes

First is hdyrostion selestely , goes down to form aqueous

Second is lattice enrhtloay to lattice, then solution to ions
Now solution not necessarily positive or negative so watch out

So in regular lattic,e start off with constituent elemtns , need to make gaseous ions and then lattice

For dissolving start of with ions , become aqueous or lattice then solutoon

Question 5

Homologous series

Answer 5

Organic family of compunds thst react chemically similarly
- have same functional group
- SUCCESFIVE MEMBERS differed by ch2

Question 6

Chain ken5h effect on boiling
Ist

Answer 6

As the chain LENTGH jcnreases, the surface area contact also increases, and so more London firces can be made between chains, and thus more energy needed, so boiling pour increases

As branching , the surface are ackntactpoint decreases, lesdstk less and speaker lofnidn firced and thus less energy si boil it just point defrea

Question 7

Incomplete combustion

Answer 7

Is when reacts with oxygen tk rpeouce carbin and water
Or carbon monoxide and water

Water always oeoeidee

Question 8

Radials sub

Answer 8

Propagation

Reacts with rsdicsl
Then radicsl reacts with a whole new molecule again
Overall this should give the rsdicsl back and equation nirmal

Question 9

Pi bond lock

Answer 9

As the electornd e duty is above and below, ti locks it in thst lrevtne dritstion, meaning discrete structured csn exist as atoms are linked in space

This lesds to steroidomeridm , structural snd General same, but atoms srrnwged diffenrently in dosed

3 biding grouos, no lone spies, so 2s0

Fixed relative to each ither

E Z isomerism

Question 10

Alkyl group stbsiltuy

Answer 10

Pushed electorns towards psotive carbocations, so psotive charge sores rocker grouos more stbske

Question 11

Rate ifnhydroyksis

Answer 11

Depends on the csbrin halogen strength

Going fine the group the strength decreases so rwte if hydrolysis INCREASES , AS less energy needed to break this bond

How to measur experiment, you know eid you add silver nitrate and something! And then you add oh - ions water which is present , as they hydrolyse, it forms ions which good with sliver to form ofeciosted. The quicker lreifpste to fast der dhydosuod should bebiodnutsnr , milk cream butrer

Question 12

Oxone beak

Answer 12

Cl rsdicsl + o3
Clo + o

Question 13

Ntirgn oxide rsdicsl

Answer 13

Formed in kgithing snd aircraft
React with o3 to make NO2 racial same thing

Question 14

ADD ANTI BUMBLING GRSNUELS

Answer 14

this will reduce violent heating snd bubblignkc mixture

Question 15

Prufitying

Answer 15

1) identify irgenuf kayer by adding water and seeing which in increases inselrwging funnel, then derogate thwt out (check with densities aswell, Lower density will sink, and water density is 1
2) Might halbe used acid kike oxidation, so use dodum cabrinate, release oressure, insverfew times, then purify again do few times
3) remove aaltwash with water again , separate
4) Now you want to use drying agent to remove any more water, CALCIUM CHLRODIE , add spatula, until solid in the mixture
4’ decanr
Now resistier it and collect at Theo range you need

Question 16

Enthalpy change of one Element formstioj

Answer 16

Is just 0

Question 17

4 reasons

Answer 17

Heat loss
Incomplete conbsition
Loss of fuel

Not standar docnfiojd

Question 18

Dynamic ewuaolvorim

Answer 18

Rwte of forward snd backward same inder closed system
Cocos don’t changeb

Question 19

Redox

Answer 19

Remmeber pure elemtn hsd redox 0, when molecule so o2 is “

Sign befire , itd badislly the cherge it would have of komm

Remmebe moelcuked is 0, ions is thst chsrge

Roman numerals means oxidation number on the thing we don’t know, iron 3 is +3

If oxidation mumber refocused , reduction, if icnreased oxidation

Question 20

Metal reactions

Groups 2 vs 7 rev stick tub

Answer 20

Meral and Oxygen = metal oxide
Metal and water = metal hydroxide and hydrogen

Groupm2 need to lose two electrons to become ions
The lower go the ionisation energy decreases so easier to lose electrons so resctivitynincreases

But for 7 needs to attract an electron, so lower resctivity decreases

Question 21

Solibitkyt of hydorixds tried

Answer 21

Lower you go, more chsnce will split so solubitlty increases

Question 22

Boiling loitn trend with halogens snd in general

Answer 22

If not ion and London FIRCE dependent, lower you go more electrons = more London firces means more energy needed to break so boiling increases

Question 23

Halogen dispalcment reactions

Answer 23

As the halogens decrease reactivity lose you go, the higher halogen will displace lower one, and so the colour will now be of lower one l

Clurooiemis pale green, bromine or Skye, iodine brown, when cyclohexane
Chlorine still green lie, war, bromine still orange, iodine now violet

Question 24

Dispeopeitnwtiownton

Chlorinate dhdyrocarbisn

Answer 24

Is when one thing is bith oxided snd reduced

Charlie just is good because sterilises bacteria,mourn in drinking water can run to hydrocarbons ijndead vegetation which fork CHLORINATED HYDROCARBINS

These are carcinogenic

But still better for godnwwter

Question 25

HALIDE ION TEST

Answer 25

Silver nitrate will cause milk cream butter

Add ammonia to double check
- the sou utout decreases lwoer you go
- first is soluble in dilute
- second soluble in cinc l
Third insulbke in cinc
So if you have 2nd and third, if it dissolved in cknc, other I’d third

Question 26

Cabrinate Testbild

Answer 26

Add nitric acid

It should’ve ffervesence
Bubble this into limewater should be cloudy as cskduluk cabrinwrenmsde

Question 27

Sulfste tedt

Answer 27

Barium nitrate must use and then if white orefispte made of barium sukfste then it is sukfste

Must use nitrate ad cloriee will mess up silver nitrate test

Question 28

Why order is cabrinate sukfste then silver

Answer 28

Cabrinate confirms cabrinate under no cost
However barium in cabrinate also forms a barium cabrinate predicate which wil confuse, so you must remove the cabrinate under ninfost

And must do silver last knowing cabrinate and sufkstr gine because sikver cabrinate and sukfste will produce predicated, so must do it when you remove those

Question 29

How to do if mixture of ions tedt kn allem

Answer 29

1) add nitric acid until effervescence , keep adding until stops, this will ensure all fsbrinwte given

Must use not use sulfur code acid or thidnwill shownyp, same for HCL in silver

2. Barium nitrate in snd if white orefioste. Formed remove thid filter

3) silver nitrates tedt, dissolve in smmonia

Question 30

Ammonium ion tedt

Answer 30

Thid I’d add NaOH to ammonium, damp litmus peper hold over

Here out Bunsen burner will release ammonia, damp and red will become blue

Question 31

Summary tests

Answer 31

Nitric acid cabrinate
Baoru, nitrate for sukfste
Silver nitrate for halogens
Ammonia makes it soluble supply electron insoluble

Chlorine palye green, bromine or she, iodine brown until people curl Cohen’s e

Smoomiuk snd na oh , use limit Su paper

Must do in they order

Question 32

Shorthand

Answer 32

Previous noble gas