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AP Psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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3
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together; events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence

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4
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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5
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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6
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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7
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, the first stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus

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9
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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10
Q

neutral stimulus(NS)

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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11
Q

unconditioned response(UR)

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

unconditioned stimulus(US)

A

a stimulus that unconditionally triggers an unconditioned response

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13
Q

conditioned response(CR)

A

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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14
Q

conditioned stimulus(CS)

A

an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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15
Q

acquisition

A

the initial stages, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; in OC the strengthening of a reinforced response

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16
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulu

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17
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response

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18
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

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19
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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20
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and a similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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21
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

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22
Q

law of effect

A

thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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23
Q

operant chamber

A

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

24
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

25
Q

shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

26
Q

positive reinforcement

A

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the repsonse

27
Q

negative reinforcement

A

any stimulus the, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

28
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

29
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus; biological

30
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

secondary reinforcer; gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

31
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

32
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

33
Q

partial(intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing response only part of the time, less at risk for extinction

34
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

35
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

36
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforces only after a specified time has elapsed

37
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

38
Q

punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

39
Q

biofeedback

A

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

40
Q

preparedness

A

a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between tastes and nausea, that have survival value

41
Q

instinctive drift

A

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

42
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

43
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

44
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

45
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

46
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punsihment

47
Q

problem-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

48
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

49
Q

personal control

A

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

50
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

51
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

52
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that we control our own fate

53
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

54
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others; social learning

55
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

56
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so; may enable imitation and empathy

57
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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