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AP Psychology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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2
Q

zygote

A

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division an develops into an embryo

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3
Q

embryo

A

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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4
Q

fetus

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking

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7
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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8
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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9
Q

menopause

A

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

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10
Q

cross-sectional study

A

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

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11
Q

longitudinal study

A

research that follows and retests the same people over time

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12
Q

neurocognitive disorders(NCDs)

A

acquired(not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse

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13
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

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14
Q

social clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

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15
Q

X chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found in both males and females

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16
Q

Y chromosome

A

the sex chromosome typically found only in males

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17
Q

testosterone

A

the most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

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18
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

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19
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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20
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation

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21
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period

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22
Q

intersex

A

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

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23
Q

AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV(human immunodeficiency virus). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

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24
Q

sexual orientation

A

our enduring sexual attraction, usually towards the members of our our sex or the other sex; variations include attraction toward both sexes

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25
Q

identity

A

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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26
Q

social identity

A

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

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27
Q

intimacy

A

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

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28
Q

Erikson stages: infancy

A

trust vs. mistrust

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29
Q

Erikson stages: toddlerhood

A

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

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30
Q

Erikson stages: preschool

A

initiative vs. guilt

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31
Q

Erikson stages: elementary school

A

competence vs. inferiority

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32
Q

Erikson stages: adolescence

A

identity vs. role confusion

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33
Q

Erikson stages: young adulthood

A

intimacy vs. isolation

34
Q

Erikson stages: middle adulthood

A

generativity vs. stagnation

35
Q

Erikson stages: late adulthood

A

integrity vs. despair

36
Q

emerging adulthood

A

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

37
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

38
Q

puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

39
Q

Kohlberg’s levels- preconventional morality

A

self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards; before age 9

40
Q

Kohlberg’s levels- conventional morality

A

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order; early adolescence

41
Q

Kohlberg’s levels- postconvential morality

A

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles; adolescence and beyond

42
Q

sex

A

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

43
Q

gender

A

the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, woman

44
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

45
Q

relational aggression

A

an act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

46
Q

gender identity

A

our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two

47
Q

social learning theory

A

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

48
Q

gender typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

49
Q

role

A

a set of expectations(norms) about a social position, defining how a person in the position ought to behave

50
Q

gender role

A

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females

51
Q

androgyny

A

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

52
Q

transgender

A

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex

53
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

54
Q

attachment

A

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation

55
Q

critical period

A

an optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

56
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

57
Q

strange situation

A

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment

58
Q

secure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

59
Q

insecure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment, or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

60
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

61
Q

basic trust

A

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

62
Q

self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

63
Q

authoritarian parents are

A

coercive

64
Q

permissive parents are

A

unrestraining

65
Q

negligent parents are

A

uninvolved

66
Q

authoritative parents are

A

confrontive

67
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

68
Q

schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

69
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

70
Q

accommodation

A

adapting our current understandings(schemas) to incorporate new information

71
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage(from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

72
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

73
Q

pre operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage(from about 2 to 6/7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

74
Q

conservation

A

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

75
Q

egocentrism

A

in Piaget’s theory, the pre operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

76
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

77
Q

concrete operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development(from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

78
Q

formal operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development(beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

79
Q

scaffold

A

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

80
Q

autism spectrum disorder(ASD)

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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