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1330/2222 Human Anatomy > Unit 1 Bones > Flashcards

Unit 1 Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Skeleton Functions

A
  • Support & framework
  • Leverage for movement
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Storage of minerals
  • Blood cell production
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2
Q

Axial Skeleton Components

A
  • Skull
  • Mandible (jaw)
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Vertebrae
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Everything not included in axial
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4
Q

Upper Limb Components

A
  • Scapula
  • Clavicle
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpal bones
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
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5
Q

Carpal Types

A
  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Triquetrum
  • Pisiform
  • Trapezium
  • Trapezoid
  • Capitate
  • Hamate
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6
Q

Lower Limb Components

A
  • Pelvic bones
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsal bones
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
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7
Q

Tarasal Types

A
  • Calcaneus
  • Talus
  • Navicular
  • Cuboid
  • Cuneiforms (3)
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8
Q

Surface Anatomy Importance

A
  • Clinical landmarking
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9
Q

Von Hochstetter Triangle

A
  • Gluteal region
  • Injection without hitting nerves
  • Identify iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine
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10
Q

Bone Fracture Types

A
  • Comminuted
  • Compression
  • Epiphyseal
  • Depressed
  • Spiral
  • Green stick
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11
Q

Comminuted Fractures

A
  • Bone fragments 3+ pieces
  • Aged people (brittle bones)
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12
Q

Compression Fractures

A
  • Crushed bone
    • Extreme trauma
  • Porous bones (osteoporotic)
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13
Q

Depressed Fractures

A
  • Bone is pressed inwards
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14
Q

Spiral Fractures

A
  • Spiral line around bone
  • Twisting cause
  • Ragged break
  • Sports/toddlers
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15
Q

Green Stick Fractures

A
  • Incomplete break
  • 1 side broken, 1 side bent
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16
Q

Compact Fracture

A
  • Injure bone
    • Pierce skin
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17
Q

Simple Fracture

A
  • Injure bone only
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18
Q

Birth-Adolescents Bone Development

A
  • production
  • absorption
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19
Q

Menopause Bone Development

A
  • bone loss
  • low estrogen levels
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20
Q

Old People Bone Development

A
  • brittle bones
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21
Q

Bone Density Factors

A
  • Strain experienced
  • Aging
  • Exercise
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22
Q

Bone Density & Aging

A
  • Loss of bone mass
  • Demineralization (Ca decrease)
  • Less protein synthesis
  • Less collagen
  • More fractures
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23
Q

Bone Density & Exercise

A
  • Alter strength in bone tissue
  • Response to strain experiences
  • High impact, intermittent strains
  • Remodel bone normally (mechanical stress)
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24
Q

Weakened Bones Occurrence

A
  • Bedridden individuals
    • Casts
  • Astronauts
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25
Q

Strengthen Bones Occurrence

A
  • Athletes
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26
Q

Bone Shapes

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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27
Q

Long Bones

A
  • Tubular shape
  • Strength
  • Structure
  • Mobility
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28
Q

Long Bone Examples

A
  • Humerus
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Ulna
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29
Q

Short Bones

A
  • Cuboidal shape
  • Support
  • Stability
  • Limited movement
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30
Q

Short Bone Examples

A
  • Carpals
  • Tarsals
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31
Q

Flat Bones

A
  • Protection
  • Broad surfaces of muscle attachment
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32
Q

Flat Bone Examples

A
  • Skull
  • Pelvis
  • Sternum
33
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • Oddly shaped
  • Nerve protection
  • Skeletal muscle attachment
34
Q

Irregular Bone Examples

A
  • Facial bones
  • Scapula (shoulder blade)
  • Hyoid
  • Vertebra
35
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A
  • Develop in tendons
  • Cross long bones
  • Protection of tendons
36
Q

Sesamoid Bone Examples

A
  • Kneecap
37
Q

Boney Landmark Types

A
  • Attachments
  • Depressions/openings
  • Joints
38
Q

Attachement Landmarks

A
  • Projections at site of muscle/ligament attachment
39
Q

Attachment Landmark Types

A
  • Tuberosity
  • Crest
  • Trochanter
  • Line (Ridge)
  • Tubercle
  • Epicondyle
  • Spine
  • Process
40
Q

Tuberosity

A
  • Large rounded elevation
41
Q

Crest

A
  • Ridge of Bone
42
Q

Trochanter

A
  • Large blunt elevation
43
Q

Line (Ridge)

A
  • Linear Elevation
44
Q

Tubercle

A
  • Small raised eminence
45
Q

Epicondyle

A
  • Eminence superior
  • Adjacent to condyle
46
Q

Spine

A
  • Thorn like process
47
Q

Process

A
  • Projection/outgrowth of tissue
48
Q

Joint Landmarks

A
  • Surfaces that form joints
49
Q

Joint Landmark Types

A
  • Head
  • Facet
  • Condyle
50
Q

Head

A
  • Large, round articular end
51
Q

Facet

A
  • Smooth flat area
  • Cover cartilage (bone joining)
52
Q

Condyle

A
  • Rounded
  • Knuckle-like articular area
53
Q

Depression/Opening Landmark Types

A
  • Foramen
  • Groove
  • Fissure
  • Notch
  • Fossa
  • Meatus
  • Sinus
54
Q

Foramen

A
  • Passage through bone/hole
55
Q

Groove

A
  • Elongated depression
56
Q

Fissure

A
  • Groove
  • Natural division
57
Q

Notch

A
  • Indentation in bone edge
58
Q

Fossa

A
  • Hallow/depressed area
59
Q

Meatus

A
  • Natural body opening/canal
60
Q

Sinus

A
  • sac/cavity
61
Q

Bone Development Timeline

A
  • Start as cartilaginous mold
  • Perichondrium & perichondrial sleeve
  • Cartilage becomes mineralized
  • Blood vessels form bone at ossification centers
  • 6 weeks gestation - 20 years
62
Q

Long Bone Structure

A
  • Center, diaphysis
  • Ends, epiphysis
  • Middle region, epiphyseal plate
63
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A
  • Bone generation
  • Cartilaginous plate
  • Fuses to stop bone growth
64
Q

Epiphyseal Plate Damage

A
  • Growth impairment
  • Surgeries to lengthen bone
65
Q

Bone Cell Types

A
  • Periosteum mesenchymal stem cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Canaliculi
66
Q

Periosteum Mesenchymal (Osteoprogenitor)

A
  • Bone starting point
67
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Secrete extracellular mix
  • Creates bone
68
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Degrade Bone
  • Derived from white blood cell linage
69
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Maintain Bone Structure
  • Projections
70
Q

Canaliculi

A
  • Projections off osteocytes
  • Communication between osteocytes (bone tissue)
71
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • Exterior of bone layer
  • Covered in periosteum
  • Densely packed
  • Highly vascularized
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Repair after fracture
72
Q

Haversian Canal

A
  • Type of blood vessel
  • Surrounded by osteoblasts
  • Lay down extracellular mix in concentric rings
  • Starts interiorly, moves exteriorly
73
Q

Lamellae

A
  • Differentiates osteoblasts & osteocytes
  • Rings
74
Q

Osteon

A
  • Full circle
  • Certain diameter restriction
  • Supplied by 1 haversian canal
75
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Outer layer of bone
  • Connect to compact bone
76
Q

Periosteum Connection

A
  • Osteoblasts layer creates new bone
  • Stratum fibrosum anchored to compact bone
  • Sharpy fibers
77
Q

Trabecular (Spongy/Cancellous) Bone

A
  • Interior of bone
  • Medullary cavity
  • Bone marrow
  • Ends of bone/exterior
  • Hose holes
78
Q

Osteoclast/Osteoblast Improper Balance

A
  • Create osteoporosis
    • Osteoclasts taken too much out of bone
    • Facile, easy fractures

1330/2222 Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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