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Biology > Chapter 9 (Reproduction in humans) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Reproduction in humans) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is reproduction?
A

Reproduction is the production of more organisms of the same species.

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2
Q
  1. What are different types of reproductions and what are their differences?
A

Sexual reproduction
- produce gametes
- fertilization occurs
- Offspring produce have variations

Asexual reproduction
- non gametes involved
- no fertilization occurs
- clones of the adult organism produced

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3
Q
  1. What is fertilization?
A

When the sperm move to the egg and fuse with it.

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4
Q
  1. What does fertilization form?
A

Single cell zygote

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5
Q
  1. How asexual reproduction occur?
A

Where cells in one part of adult’s body are divided by mitosis in order to form a structure that breaks away from the parent body and grows into a new organism.

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6
Q
  1. Individuals produced asexually from the same adult organism are called _____.
A

clones

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7
Q
  1. Why offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical as their adult organisms?
A

Because all the cells of the new individual are produced by mitosis from just one cell of the adult’s body.

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8
Q
  1. In which condition, asexual reproduction is useful?
A

Relatively stable condition

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9
Q
  1. What are fours stages of sexual reproduction?
A
  • Gametes are produced
  • Sperm is transferred to the egg cell
  • Fertilization occur
  • Zygote formed
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10
Q
  1. Where do gametes produce in the body?
A

Sperms - testes
Eggs - ovaries

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11
Q
  1. What are the names of the cells -
    - That have the full number of chromosomes
    - That have half the normal number of chromosomes
A

Diploid cells | Haploid cells

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12
Q
  1. What is external and internal fertilization take place?
A

External fertilization - outside the body
Internal fertilization - inside the female’s body

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13
Q
  1. What happen when the sperm reach the egg?
A

Its nucleus enter the egg and fuse with the egg nucleus.

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14
Q
  1. How many chromosomes does sperm and egg contain?
A

23

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15
Q
  1. Why sperms and eggs are all genetically different?
A

Because they are formed by meiosis.

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16
Q
  1. How many chromosomes does red blood cells have?
A

Zero since they don’t have nucleus.

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17
Q
  1. What are the only cells that are divided by meiosis?
A

Gametes

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18
Q
  1. What does zygote developed into?
A

Embryo

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19
Q

What is the name of the mixture of seminal vesicles and sperm called?

A

Seman

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20
Q

How is the semen ejaculated?

A

It is ejaculated through the urethra into the vagina of the female.

21
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Ovulation is where a matured egg is released into an oviduct from one of the ovaries each month.

22
Q

Why does embryo develop a placenta?

A
  • Placenta will allow the embryo to obtain materials such as oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood.
  • It also allows embryo to get rid of waste products such as urea and carbon dioxide.
23
Q

What does placenta secrete?

A

Progesterone

24
Q

What enclose the developing embryo during pregnancy?

A

amnion

25
Q

What does amnion secrete and why?

A

amniotic fluid which (cushion the developing embryo) and protect it against sudden movements and bumps.

26
Q

What does an embryo develop into?

A

Fetus

27
Q

What are stages to the birth of a child?

A
  • Dilation of the cervix
  • Delivery of the baby
  • Delivery of the afterbirth
28
Q

What happen to cervix to allow the baby to pass through?

A

It gets wider

29
Q

What does strong contraction of uterus muscles do?

A

It tears the amnion allowing amniotic fluid to escape.

30
Q

What push to baby to the outside world through cervix and vagina?

A

Strong contractions of the muscles of the uterus.

31
Q

What happen after the baby has ben born?

A

The uterus continues to contract and pushes the placenta with the membranes that surrounded the baby.

32
Q

What is primary sex characteristics?

A

The presence of male or female sex organs.

33
Q

What are 2 developments of puberty?

A
  • Gametes start to mature and be released
  • Bodies of both sexes adapt to allow reproduction to take place
34
Q

How does puberty start by?

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone
35
Q

What does FSH stimulate in boys?

A

It stimulates the sperm production.

36
Q

What are changes happened at puberty?

A

In boys

  • Sperm production starts
  • Growth and development of male sexual organs
  • Growth of armpit and pubic hair, and chest and facial hair
  • Increase in body mass
  • Voice breaks
  • Sexual drive develops

In girls

  • The menstrual began and eggs are released by ovaries each month
  • Growth and development of female sexual organs
  • Growth of armpit and pubic hair
  • Increase in body mass; development of rounded shape to hips
  • Voice deepens without sudden braking
  • Sexual drive develops
  • Breasts develop
37
Q

What event is in the middle of the menstrual cycle?

A

ovulation (release of mature egg cell)

38
Q

What is one function of menstrual cycle?

A

To control the development of the lining of the uterus.

39
Q

What will happen if the egg is not fertilized?

A

The lining of the uterus is lost from the woman’s body as the flow of menstrual blood and cells of the lining, called period.

40
Q

What does egg cells develop into?

A

Follicle

41
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A
  • Stimulate the growth of follicle
  • Stimulate the release of oestrogen
42
Q

What is the function of oestrogen?

A
  • Thicken the uterine lining
  • Reduce the release of FSH
  • Stimulate the release of LH
43
Q

What is the function of LH?

A
  • For ovulation
44
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A
  • Maintain the thickness of uterine lining
45
Q

What does the remaining of follicle form after fertilization?

A

corpus luteum

46
Q

What does corpus luteum produce?

A

progesterone

47
Q

When does corpus luteum carry on or stop producing progesterone?

A

When the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum break down and stop producing progesterone.

48
Q

What is a sign of woman that tell that she is pregnant?

A

Her monthly periods stop.

49
Q

Which secretes progesterone later on in the pregnancy?

A

The placenta

Biology (14 decks)

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