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imin 200 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is first-line immunity?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, chemicals

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2
Q

What is second-line immunity?

A

Phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever

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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes and antibodies

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4
Q

What are the three fundamentals of innate immunity?

A

Protective mechanism that exists before infection
Rapid responses encoded within the germline
Responses are typically identical upon repeat infection

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5
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Mobilizing bodily defenses at sites of infection

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6
Q

What are the physiological changes the inflammation causes?

A

Vasodilation
Increase in capillary permeability
Influx of immune cells to affected tissues

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7
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A

Redness due to vasodilation and increases in blood volume
Heat due to increased blood volume bringing warmth to the area
Edema due to swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid from blood
Pain due to inflammatory mediators that trigger pain responses

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8
Q

How do the dilated capillaries help in immune response?

A

It helps more immune cells get to the affected area as well as slow down blood flow so that there is more time to contact the wall of the capillary and enter the affected tissue

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9
Q

How did Elie Metchnikoff find evidence for inflammation?

A

Poked a star-fish larvae with a thorn and observed the rapid localization of cells to the site of injury and the breakdown of the thorn by the cells
First observation of phagocytosis

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10
Q

What are the steps of inflammatory response?

A

Margination
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis

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11
Q

What is margination?

A

The migration of WBCs to the endothelium of the capillaries

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12
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

When WBCs squeeze through the epithelial layer

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13
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Attraction to chemokines

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14
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

They ingest and destroy microbes via phagocytosis

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15
Q

What are the two processes done by the WBCs?

A

Chemotaxis = chasing down the microbes
Phagocytosis = eating of the microbes

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16
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes detects and engages the microbe

Microbe engagement initiates cytoskeletal rearrangements that drive phagocytosis

The microbe is internalized in a specialized phagosome

The phagosome fuses with the lysosome to form a phagolysosome

Lysosomal enzymes destroy ingested microbes

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates destroy microbial proteins, genomes, and walls

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17
Q

What are the steps of macrophage development?

A

Macrophages arise from undifferentiated stem cells in the bone marrow

Some stem cells differentiate into short-lived monocytes that circulate in the blood

Inflammation recruits monocytes to sites of infection where they differentiate into resident macrophages

Resident macrophages are long-lived professional phagocytes that ingest large amounts of extracellular material

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18
Q

What is an important role of phagocytosis other than eliminating microbes?

A

Activating neighboring cells through the release of cytokines and chemokines

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19
Q

How are phagocytosed microbes killed?

A

By reactive oxygen species and NO

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20
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Secreted proteins that drive immune and inflammatory reactions

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21
Q

What are cytokines produced by during innate immunity?

A

Macrophages and natural killer cells

22
Q

What is one effect of cytokines?

A

Induce proteins in the endothelium that make the endothelium more adherent for passing leukocytes

23
Q

What are chemokines?

A

A large family of structurally related, low molecular weight cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement and regulate the migration of leukocytes from the blood to tissues

24
Q

What are some examples of PAMPs?

A

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide
Glycoprotein with terminal mannose residues
Double-stranded RNA
Unmethylated CpG DNA

25
Q

What is the difference between bacterial and mammalian glycoproteins?

A

Bacteria tend to have terminal mannose residues while mammalian ones have terminal sialic acid or n-acetylgalactosamine

26
Q

What is the difference between CpG DNA in bacteria and humans?

A

Bacteria tend to have unmethylated CpG DNA while humans have methylated CpG DNA

27
Q

What are the characteristics of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

Detect non-self structures
Ubiquitous either as a circulating molecule or through expression on innate immune cells
Rapidly trigger potent antimicrobial responses

28
Q

What do PRRs detect?

A

Conserved, essential microbial features

29
Q

What do active PRRs drive?

A

Inflammation
They produce cytokines in response to PAMPs which causes the mobilization of other immune cells

30
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A

PRRs for PAMPs

31
Q

Which TLRs detect bacterial parasites?

A

TLR1 + TLR2

32
Q

Which TLRs detect Gram-positive bacteria and fungi?

A

TLR2 + TLR6

33
Q

Which TLRs detect Gram-negative bacteria?

A

TLR4 + TLR4 (homodimer)

34
Q

Which TLRs detect flagellated bacteria?

A

TLR5 + TLR5 (homodimer)

35
Q

Which TLR detects viral dsRNA?

A

TLR3

36
Q

Which TLR detects viral ssRNA?

A

TLR7 or TLR8

37
Q

Which TLR detects bacterial DNA elements?

A

TLR9

38
Q

What is the difference between TLRs in the membrane and in the endosome?

A

TLRs on the cell membrane dimerize and TLRs in the endosome are monomers

39
Q

How might PRRs differ in function?

A

Some are phagocytic receptors and others are not phagocytic receptors but stimulate the activation of immune cells

40
Q

Where do PRRs surveil?

A

On the cell surface, the endosomes, and in the cell cytoplasm

41
Q

What do PRRs surveil for?

A

Intact PAMPs, degraded PAMPs, and PAMPs that are never outside of the cell

42
Q

What cells are PRRs expressed on?

A

On or in all leukocytes and boundary cells and especially phagocytic cells

43
Q

Why are pathogens disadvantaged?

A

They have small genomes and at least some conserved components that are targets of PRRs

44
Q

What does almost all TLR signaling lead to the production of?

A

IRFs and/or NF-kappaB which are both transcription factors

45
Q

What is an IRF?

A

Interferon response factors which are involved in anti-viral responses

46
Q

What is NF-kappaB?

A

A transcription factor that turns on many immune response genes

47
Q

What are RIG-like receptors?

A

They include RIG-1 and MDA5 which are related cytoplasmic sensors of viruses
They are found in the cytosol permanently

48
Q

What is RLR signaling like?

A

The signaling pathway is similar to TLRs
RLR dependent signaling can amplify TLR signaling

49
Q

What is the result of PRR signaling?

A

Production of IFN-1 which augments innate and adaptive immunity
Production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines
Induces many other response genes

50
Q

What does IFN-1 do?

A

It tells cells around an infection that there is a pathogen

51
Q

What are 3 important things about PRR innate immune signaling?

A

Speed = takes minutes
Economy = limited TLRs can detect a lot of pathogens
Amplification = localized detection leads to large, systematic responses

52
Q

Why are there many types of, and redundancy in, pattern recognition?

A

T overcome attempts made by microbes to evade one or more PRRs
Having multiple PRRs that detect the same things enhances the chance that the microbe is detected
Cross-talk in signaling pathways allows for better control over the type or degree of response

imin 200 (23 decks)

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