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IMIN 200 > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What can a hematopoietic stem cell differentiate into?

A

A myeloid progenitor cell or a lymphoid progenitor cell

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2
Q

What can myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

RBC
Platelets
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Macrophages

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3
Q

What is the pathway of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation associated with?

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

What can lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Lymphocytes
-T-cells (helper, regulatory, cytotoxic)
-B-cells -> plasma cells -> antibodies
Natural killer cells

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5
Q

What is the pathway of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation associated with?

A

Adaptive immunity

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6
Q

What is unique about natural killer cells?

A

They are differentiated from lymphoid progenitor cells but are involved in innate immunity as instant killers

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7
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A

Detects vast repertoire of molecules
Receptors are generated by somatic recombination
Improved adapted response to repeat exposure

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8
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign molecule, typically from a pathogen

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9
Q

What are the types of antigens recognized by B cells?

A

Proteins
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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10
Q

What are the types of antigens recognized by T-cells?

A

Peptides derived from proteins

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11
Q

What is the difference between T-cell and B-cell detection of antigens?

A

T cells require antigen presentation by dedicated antigen-presenting cells while the BCR directly recognizes its cognate antigen

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12
Q

What are the two forms of adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral and cellular

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13
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Directed attacks against extracellular microbes mediated by B cells
B lymphocytes secrete antibodies that neutralize and eliminate microbes and microbial toxins

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14
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

Directed attacks against intracellular microbes mediated by T cells.
T lymphocytes activate phagocytes and lymphocytes or kill infected host cells

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15
Q

What new properties do active B cells have that naive B cells do not?

A

Production of antibodies
Expression of receptors that recognize cytokines

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16
Q

How are humoral and cellular immunity distinctive?

A

They neutralize microbes in different locations

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17
Q

What is the purpose of T helper cells?

A

To activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes
Boosts ability of the macrophages

18
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection

19
Q

What 2 signals does activation of adaptive immune response need?

A

Antigen receptor binding to the antigen
Microbial or innate immune signals

20
Q

Why can only certain BCR recognize certain antigens?

A

They recognize a limited number of antigens
If there is antigen detection, there is a reasonable affinity for that antigen to a microbe

21
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

When a BCR or TCR detects antigens the B cell or T cell undergoes multiple rounds of cell division, thereby expanding

22
Q

What is the recognition phase of adaptive immunity?

A

Naive lymphocytes recognize corresponding antyigen

23
Q

What is the activation phase of adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes differentiate and start clonal expansion

24
Q

What is the effector phase of adaptive immunity?

A

Differentiated lymphocytes initiate microbial elimination
via killing of target cells and production of antibodies

25
Q

What is the decline phase of adaptive immunity?

A

After microbial elimination the signal for lymphocyte activation disappears
Most of the cells activated by antigen die via apoptosis

26
Q

What is the memory phase of adaptive immunity?

A

The remaining cells are memory lymphocytes which may survive for months or years
Prior exposure to one antigen produces stronger responses to subsequent infections from the same antigen

27
Q

Where are antibodies released?

A

Released from B cells into circulation and mucosal fluids upon infection

28
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Neutralizes microbes and microbial toxins
Stops microbes from gaining access to or colonizing host cells

29
Q

What do antibodies not have access to?

A

Intracellular microbes

30
Q

Where do antigen-presenting cells (APCs) reside?

A

In potential sites of microbe entry

31
Q

What do APCs do?

A

Capture, process, and present antigen to T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues

32
Q

Why do T cells require co-receptors?

A

To assist antigen recognition

33
Q

What do CD4+ helper T cells detect?

A

Antigens presented by professional APCs

34
Q

What do CD4+ T cells do?

A

Secrete cytokines to activate other components of the immune response

35
Q

What do CD8+ cytolytic T cells detect?

A

Microbial antigens presented by all nucleated cells and destroy the presenting cell

36
Q

How do you bring the right lymphocyte together with its cognate antigen upon infection quickly enough to activate the appropriate immune reply?

A

The peripheral lymphoid organs concentrate antigens and lymphocytes to optimize interactions

37
Q

What are the peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissue

38
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A network that transports fluids from tissues through lymph nodes and ultimately to the circulatory system (initially to veins)
Excess IF is collected by the lymphatic system and is processed by lymph nodes prior to being deposited into the circulatory system

39
Q

How does the lymphatic system differ from the circulatory system?

A

It is not closed and has no central pump

40
Q

How does stuff move through the lymph system?

A

APCs drain from peripheral tissues into lymph nodes
T lymphocytes enter lymph nodes
APCs activate T lymphocytes
Lymphocytes exit lymph nodes and enter circulation, then exit circulation into inflamed tissue where they mediate microbial destruction

41
Q

What part of the lymph node is rich in B-cells?

A

The cortex

42
Q

What part of the lymph node is rich in T-cells and dendritic cells?

A

The paracortex

IMIN 200 (23 decks)

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