Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biochemistry y1 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy source
Energy storage
Structural component
Immune function
Intracellular communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a 1 sugar carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a 2 sugar carbohydrate?

A

Disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 3-10 sugar carbohydrates?

A

Oligosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 11-100 sugar carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do classify monosaccharides based on number of carbons?

A

3- trioses
4- tetroses
5- pentoses
6-hexoses
7- heptoses
8- nonoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the aldose functional group?

A

O
II
R1-C-H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the ketose functional group?

A

O
II
R1-C-R2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are epimers?

A

Carbohydrate isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Pair of structures that are mirror images of each other
D - OH group on the right of the chiral carbon
L - OH group on the left of the chiral carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a pyranose ring?

A

5 carbon atoms a and 1 oxygen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a furanose ring?

A

4 carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three main disaccharides made from?

A

Sucrose = glucose + fructose = a-D-glucopyranosyl-(1–>2)-B-D-fructofuranoside

Maltos = glucose + glucose = a-D-glucopyranosyl-(1–>4)-B-d-glucopyranose

Lactose = galactose + glucose = B-d-galactopyranosyl-(1–>4)-B-D-glucopyranose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharide
B1-4 glycosidic bonds between glucose and glucose
Humans do not have the enzyme to hydrolyse this bond so humans cannot digest cellulose
Major constituent of plant walls

17
Q

Starch

A

Storage eplysaccharide
A1-4 glycosidic bonds between glucose and glucose
Amylose - unbranded only a1-4 linkages
and amylopectin - branched(every 20-30 residues) a1-4, a1-6

18
Q

Glycogen

A

Branched polymer (every 8-10 residues)
Mainly a1-4 linkages, also a1-6 linkages

19
Q

How are carbohydrates digested?

A

Mouth - salivary a-amylase hydrolysing a1-4 bonds - maltose and dextrin
Small intestine - pancreatic a-amylase - maltose and dextrin
Upper jejunum - brush border membrane-associated oligosaccharides and disaccharides of intestinal mucosal cells - glucoses, fructose, galactose- (enzymes - dextrinase, glucoamylase)

20
Q

What are the enzymes involves in carbohydrate digestion?

A

Isomaltase - isomaltose into glucose
Maltase - maltose into glucose
Sucrase - sucrose into glucose and fructose
Lactase - lactose into galactose and glucose
Glucoamylase - cuts of single glucose molecules
Amylase - starch to maltose and dextrin

21
Q

How are carbohydrates absorbed?

A

Monosaccharides are absorbed by intestinal muscle cells.
1. Glucose, galactose = taken up together by Na-dependent glucose cotranporter 1 (SCLT-1) into enterocyte. Na exchanged with K.
2. Fructose = taken up by Na-independent monosaccharide transporter (GLUT-5).
3. All 3 monosaccharides transported from intestinal cells into GLUT-2.

22
Q

Deficiencies in carbohydrates degradation?

A

Hereditary deficiency of individual disaccharidases
Lactose intolerance -70-80% of population
Isomlatose/sucrose intolerance - 10% of greenlands Eskimos, 2% of North American’s are heterozygous

Symptoms - osmotic diarrhoea (underinvested carbs pass into large intestine, abdominal cramps, flactulence (bacterial fermentation of carbs produces large volumes of CO2 and H2)

23
Q

Metabolism of glucose?

A

Glycogenesis - Glucose to glycogen
Glycogenolysis - glycogen to glucose
Pentode phosphate pathway - glucose to NADPH + Ribulose-5-P - ribulose-5-P then goes back to NADPH giving off Ribose-5-P
Glycolysis - glucose + 2ATP + 2NADH = 4ATP + pyruvate
Gluconeogenesis - pyruvate to glucose
Anaerobic glycolysis - pyruvate to lactate
Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA (2NADH = 6ATP)
Acetyl CoA to CO2 (2GTP, 6NADH=18ATP, 2FADH2=4ATP)

24
Q

Catabolic or anabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic pathways - NADH - making energy
Anabolic pathways - NADPH - synthesising new molecules

biochemistry y1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions