Presentations in ENT

Question 1

Five main presentations of the ear

Answer 1

Hearing loss
Vertigo
Tinnitus
Otalgia
Otorrhoea

Question 2

Five main presentations of the nose

Answer 2

Epistaxis
Rhinorrhoea
Nasal obstruction
Anosmia
Facial Pain

Question 3

Five main presentations of the throat

Answer 3

Dysphagia
Dysphonia
SOB
Ordonyphagia
Neck Lump

Question 4

Traumatic causes of facial nerve palsy

Answer 4

Facial lacerations, blunt forces, penetrating wounds, mandible fractures, iatrogenic injuries, newborn paralysis, fractures of petrous pyramid

Question 5

Neoplastic causes of facial paralysis

Answer 5

Parotid tumours, tumours of external canal and middle ear, facial nerve neurinomas, metastatic lesions, SCC,acousic neuromas, meningiomas, hemangiomas, glomus tumours

Question 6

Infectious causes of facial paralysis

Answer 6

Herpes zoster oticus, acute otitis media, chronic otitis media, malignant otitis externa

Question 7

Idiopathic causes of facial paralysis

Answer 7

Bell’s palsy, Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome

Question 8

Congenital causes of facial paralysis

Answer 8

Osteopetroses, mobius syndrome, absence of motor units,

Question 9

Causes of hoarse voice

Answer 9

Layngitis, Reinke’s oedema, vocal nodules, vocal polyps, contact granuloma, hyperkeratosis, papillomas, carcinoma of larynx, laryngeal paralysis

Question 10

Most common cause of recurrent layngeal nerve paralysis

Answer 10

carcinoma of the lung with mediastinal involvement

Question 11

Neurological causes of dysphonia

Answer 11

PArkinsonism, vocal tremor, spasmodic dysphonia, myasthenia gravis, ALS, bulbar palsy

Question 12

Functional disorders of speech

Answer 12

Hysterical aphonia, ventricular dysphonia, hyperkinetic dysphonia or vocal abuse, impaired resonance, impaired articulation, hypernasality

Question 13

Disorders of speech in children

Answer 13

Developmental delay, hearing impairment, dysarthria, macroglossia, tongue tie

Question 14

Voluntary mechanical obstruction causes of dysphagia

Answer 14

Macroglossia, tonsillar hypertrophy, pharyngeal tumour or abscess, tongue lesion

Question 15

Voluntary neuromotor causes of dysphagia

Answer 15

ALS, stroke, tumour, myasthenia gravis, trauma to XII nerve

Question 16

Involuntary phase, mechanical obstructive causes of dysphagia

Answer 16

Cancer of pharynx or base of tongue (SCC), deep lobe parotid tumours, neurogenic tumours and glomus tumours

Question 17

Disordered functional causes of dysphagia

Answer 17

short palate, cleft, stroke, ALS, post adenoiectomy, neurological disease, layngeal paralysis, sensory deficit, cricopharyngeal achalasia, pharyngeal pouch, globus hystericus