Abnormal Behaviuor in History Context - Chapter 2 Content

Question 1

What is a psychological disorder?

Answer 1

It is a psychological dysfunction in an individual that is associated with distress/impairment in function and has a non-typical response.

Question 2

What is a prototype?

Answer 2

It is the diagnostic criteria found in the DSM-5, and the person must have a certain amount of symptoms and meet certain criteria for the disorder because their symptoms are close to the prototype.

Question 3

Define Psychopathology.

Answer 3

The scientific study of psychological disorders.

Question 4

What are the 2 factors of a clinical description?

Answer 4

The first is presenting the problem, the reason the person came to the clinic, and the second is determining the clinical description, representing the combo of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.

Question 5

Define Etiology.

Answer 5

It is the study of the origin, which has to do with how the disorder begins, and the cause of it.

Question 6

Define psychosocial.

Answer 6

Focusing on psychological factors, and also social and culture.

Question 7

Define psychoanalysis.

Answer 7

The elaborate theory of the structure of the mind and the role of unconscious processes in determining behaviour.

Question 8

Define behaviourism.

Answer 8

Focusing on how learning and adaptation affect the development of psychopathology.

Question 9

What is the psychoanalytic model?

Answer 9

It is a complex theory by Freud that explains the development and structure of personality, focusing on inferred entities and forces.

Question 10

What are the three main facts about the psychoanalytic model?

Answer 10

1. The structure of the mind and functions of the personality can clash with one another
2. The defence mechanism with which the mind defends itself from the clashes
3. The stages of early psychosexual development provide knowledge for our inner conflicts

Question 11

What are the three parts of the mind according to Freud?

Answer 11

The id (source of strong sexual and aggressive entities), ego (logical thinking by reality principle) and superego (conscience thinking driven by morals). The struggle amount these three is called intrapsychic conflict.

Question 12

What are your defence mechanisms?

Answer 12

Unconscious processes keep emotions associated with conflicts in check so the ego can continue to coordinate function.
Examples: denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, repression, sublimation

Question 13

Psychosexual stages of development

Answer 13

A stage through development where id gratification is at its max. The stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital, representing our basic needs and satisfying our drive for physical pleasure.

Question 14

Explain the free association technique.

Answer 14

Explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious and the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring. This I to reveal emotionally charged material that may be causing harm.

Question 15

Explain the dream analysis technique.

Answer 15

Dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

Question 16

Describe the self-actualising process.

Answer 16

it is a process in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences. Maslow created the hierarchy of needs.

Question 17

What is person-centered therapy?

Answer 17

Therapy in which the client leads the conversation in hopes of seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

Question 18

Describe classical conditioning.

Answer 18

A type of learning occurs when a neural stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response. This is a way we acquire new info. An unconditioned response occurs when a stimulus is shown that will produce a response in almost everyone. When paired with the unconditioned response we can create a conditioned response with the stimuli.

Question 19

Define extinction.

Answer 19

A response that was kept by reinforcement slowly decreases as the reinforcements decreases. Eventually, no stimuli = no response.

Question 20

Define introspection.

Answer 20

Way to study using systemic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.

Question 21

Explain systemic desensitization.

Answer 21

A behavioural therapy technique is used by gradually showing people their fears and using healthy coping to diminish this fear.

Question 22

Describe operant conditioning.

Answer 22

Behaviour operates on the environment and changes it in some ways to help adjust. Reinforcement was used in a positive and negative way to increase or decrease a specific behaviour. The new response was developed by shaping and reinforcing a successful similar version of the desired response.

Question 23

Define psychological abnormality.

Answer 23

This is based on the 3 D’s: dysfunction, distress/impairment, and deviance and all three must be present to be abnormal.

Question 24

Define dysfunction.

Answer 24

A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioural functioning. this can not always be clear considering other facts such as someone who is on a diet vs an eating disorder.

Question 25

Define distress/impairment.

Answer 25

Distress is the feeling of being upset about a problem and impairment is causing interference with everyday functioning. In order for this to be a cause, at least one of these factors has to be present.

Question 26

Define deviance.

Answer 26

Deviance divide into two sections, atypical (deviating from the average) and different from socio-culture norms (a difference within their culture and time). At least one of these must be present as well.

Question 27

What are a psychologist and an associate?

Answer 27

They are both professions that are classified under the college of Psychologists of Ontario and have educations up to a master’s or PhD.

Question 28

What is a psychiatrist?

Answer 28

They can do the same things as a psychologist but they are more so focused on the medical side of psych, the main difference being that they can provide and prescribe medication to patients.

Question 29

What are the subsections of etiology?

Answer 29

The 4 subsections are psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioural, and cognitive.

Question 30

What are the treatments for psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 30

Psychoanalysis, hypnosis (mental state to increase concentration, attention and suggestibility), free associations, catharsis (emotions from trauma come to the surface to be released), psychodynamic psychotherapy (relationship between client and therapist are use to work through problem)

Question 31

What is the humanistic theory?

Answer 31

The focus in on how we all have different experiences and how everyone has the capacity for growth. The hierarchy of needs and self-actualization (reaching full potential) are the main theories on this.

Question 32

What is the treatment for humanistic theory?

Answer 32

Person-centered therapy, expression of empathy and acceptance of client from therapist, a passive approach, emotion-focused therapy

Question 33

What are the treatments for the behavioural model?

Answer 33

Extinction (unlearning a conditioned response) and systemic desensitization (gradually introducing the feared stimulus)

Question 34

What is the cognitive model?

Answer 34

This is focusing on conscious thoughts and interpreting events in unrealistic ways/inaccurate.

Question 35

What are the treatments for the cognitive model?

Answer 35

Identifying the automatic thoughts and challenging them with evidence, Cognitive behavioural therapy, and other evidence-based therapies.