hemorrhage and anemia

Question 1

what is the definition of hemorrhage?

Answer 1

presence of rbc outside of the bvs

Question 2

what are the types of hemorrhage with respect to volume?

Answer 2

hemorrhage per diapedesis
hemorrhage per rhexis

Question 3

what is hemorrhage per diapedesis?

Answer 3

blood can squeeze out of the blood vessel very slowly by squeezing through functionally damaged vessel walls

Question 4

list causes of hemorrhage per diapedesis

Answer 4

hypoxia or anoxia
abnormal coagulation of blood
toxic injury
inflammation of vessel wall
nutritional deficiency

Question 5

what are pinpoint sized or at least 2 mm in diameter spots of hemorrhage referred to as?

Answer 5

petechiae

Question 6

what are hemorrhages 2-20 mm in diameter called?

Answer 6

ecchymoses

Question 7

what is it called when hemorrhage forms streaks, looks as if surface has been painted with a red paint brush?

Answer 7

paint brush

Question 8

define purpura

Answer 8

refers to fusing of ecchymotic and petechial hemorrhages so that there are numerous red areas.

Question 9

what is hemorrhage per rhexis?

Answer 9

significant defect in the vascular wall, a defect that is large enough to allow blood to rush out.

Question 10

list causes of hemorrhage per rhexis

Answer 10

trauma
vessel wall necrosis
vessel wall invasion by neoplasm
primary vascular disease

Question 11

how is hemorrhage per rhexis classified according to?

Answer 11

amount and area in which it occurs

Question 12

what is massive or submassive hemorrhage?

Answer 12

hemorrhage involving all or most of a particular anatomic site

Question 13

what is sweet clover toxicity?

Answer 13

A toxin in sweet clover causes a clotting disorder and there is subsequent massive hemorrhage

Question 14

what is a hematoma?

Answer 14

collection of blood in the tissue that produces a tumor-like swelling

Question 15

why do pigs get aural hematomas?

Answer 15

As young pigs fight with one another and chew on ears, sometimes a blood vessel bursts

Question 16

why does hemorrhage of an aural hematoma collect in a balloon like way?

Answer 16

due to lack of muscular tissue

Question 17

what is the pathogenesis of extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage and hematoma of the arm?

Answer 17

severe viral damage to endothelium

Question 18

define epistaxis

Answer 18

hemorrhage from the nose

Question 19

what is it called when the peritoneal cavity filled with blood?

Answer 19

hemoperitoneum

Question 20

what is the term for blood collecting in the thorax?

Answer 20

hemothorax

Question 21

in dogs, what usually causes hemothorax?

Answer 21

rat poison, they are vitamin K antagonists and results in severely impaired clotting

Question 22

what is one of the first organs affected when a dog gets into rat poison?

Answer 22

thymus

Question 23

what is called when the anterior chamber of the eye fills with blood?

Answer 23

hyphema

Question 24

what is the term for vomiting blood?

Answer 24

hematemesis

Question 25

what is hematemesis usually due to?

Answer 25

gastric ulcers

Question 26

why does vomit of hematemesis have a brown granular appearance?

Answer 26

because of oxidation of hemoglobin by stomach acids

Question 27

what is the term for passage of digested blood in the stool and is the result of hemorrhage in the stomach or small intestine?

Answer 27

melena

Question 28

what is it called when hemorrhage occurs in the colon and is still red when passed?

Answer 28

hematochezia

Question 29

list what the outcome of hemorrhage depends on

Answer 29

amount of hemorrhage
rate of hemorrhage
location of the hemorrhage.

Question 30

what happens if more than one-third of the blood volume is lost very quickly?

Answer 30

shock

Question 31

If the blood loss occurs slowly, as much as ____ of the blood volume can be lost over a period of weeks to months and the body is able to compensate quite well.

Answer 31

1/2

Question 32

Respiratory rates may be increased to help ________ the blood better.

Answer 32

oxygenate

Question 33

________________ is geared up to produce more red blood cells.

Answer 33

Hematopoiesis

Question 34

what is agonal hemorrhage?

Answer 34

hemorrhage that happens immediately prior to death, as a result of tissue anoxia.

Question 35

what species is agonal hemorrhage most commonly seen and how?

Answer 35

Agonal hemorrhage is most commonly seen in cattle where it appears as petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages in the endocardium

Question 36

what are the consequences to an animal losing 1/4-1/3 of its blood within a matter of minutes or hours?

Answer 36

the animal becomes anemic and therefore may not have adequate hemoglobin to transport oxygen to her tissues.

Question 37

define anemia

Answer 37

condition in which blood is deficient in either quantity or quality

Question 38

what are signs of anemia?

Answer 38

tissues become pale and depleted of blood. The animal may also become sluggish and breathe more rapidly to try to get more oxygen

Question 39

how does the body compensate for loss of RBCs?

Answer 39

increasing production of these cells (hematopoiesis)

Question 40

what stops hemorrhage?

Answer 40

as it occurs, bp drops which helps decrease blood loss

clotting also occurs

Question 41

What happens to the blood that has accumulated and clotted outside the vessel of small hemorrhages?

Answer 41

serum is readily absorbed by lymphatics in the area. The red blood cells and hemoglobin degradation products are phagocytized by macrophages either at the site or in the sinus of a regional lymph node.

Question 42

What happens to the blood that has accumulated and clotted outside the vessel in larger hemorrhages?

Answer 42

the clot may be organized by fibrous tissue, and result in scarring