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pathology > edema > Flashcards

edema Flashcards

1
Q

define edema

A

abnormal accumulation of water in tissues or body cavities

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2
Q

list the gross characteristics of edema

A
  • Swollen, usually soft and doughy, distended tissue that tends to gravitate ventrally
  • Edematous tissue pits on pressure and the indentations remain after the pressure is removed
  • Edematous tissue is cool to the touch rather than warm (unless inflammation is also present)
  • The edematous tissue is not reddened (not hyperemic) or painful (again, unless inflammation is also present)
  • Distended lymphatics are often visible in edematous lesions
  • At postmortem examination, edema is recognized by the presence of clear yellow-tinged fluid that distends loose connective tissues or accumulates in body cavities such as the peritoneal, pleural, or pericardial spaces. The fluid may flow upon cutting through the tissue or, if the vessels were damaged sufficiently that clotting proteins accompanied the fluid, it may form a yellowish jello-like clot.
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3
Q

what is the cause of edema disease?

A

septicemia of certain strains of E. coli. These bacteria produce a toxin that acts on endothelial cells, allowing fluid to leak out.

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4
Q

what does it mean if the histology had spaces that were clear?

A

edema is protein-poor

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5
Q

what does it mean if the histology had spaces that were pink?

A

edema fluid has abundant protein

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6
Q

true or false: edema is often dorsal

A

false: ventral

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7
Q

how does reticulopericarditis occur?

A

occurs when the cow eats a piece of wire that ends up migrating through the reticulum to the pericardium.

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8
Q

how do you know there is edema in a histology if the fluid is clear?

A

spaces around vessels are widened because they were distended by edema

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9
Q

what is generalized edema?

A

accumulation of fluid everywhere

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10
Q

what does anasarca typically refer to?

A

generalized massive edema affecting all parts of the body of a fetus

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11
Q

what does hydro mean?

A

added to the anatomic site to denote edema in a particular area

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12
Q

a cat was infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus and had hydrothorax. what is the pathology?

A

prolonged viremia with production of a high antibody titer - the antigen-antibody complexes deposit in the vessel walls, damaging them and allowing fluid to leak out

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13
Q

a horse was infected with african horse sickness virus and caused hydropericardium, what is the pathology?

A

This virus infects endothelial cells in the heart (and also lung) and causes them to be leaky

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14
Q

what else does edema fluid consist of besides water?

A

protein, leukocytes and erythrocytes

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15
Q

define transudate

A

accumulation of fluid due to a hydrostatic imbalance between the intravascular and extravascular compartments despite normal vascular permeability

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16
Q

what are some characteristics of transudate edema?

A
  • vascular permeability is normal, there will be little protein or blood cells accompanying the fluid (clear and colorless)
  • specific gravity < 1.018
  • protein content < 2.5 g/dl
  • few cells; most of those present are mesothelial cells rather than leukocytes
  • low fibrinogen
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17
Q

true or false: transudate has a low specific gravity

A

true

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18
Q

define exudate

A

accumulation of fluid due to increased vascular permeability

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19
Q

what does exudate edema fluid look like and why?

A

opaque/amber because of high specific gravity

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20
Q

what are characteristics of exudate

A
  • high (> 1.018) specific gravity
  • high (> 2.5 g/dl) protein content,
    including fibrinogen
  • numerous cells, especially
    leukocytes
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21
Q

what causes of exudates?

A

when infectious agents or toxins either directly damage vessels or cause tissues to produce chemical signals that alter vascular permeability

22
Q

how much water makes up the total body weight?

A

2/3

23
Q

the water that makes up the body weight is fractioned how much of water intracellular, interstitial, and intravascular?

A
  • 8/12 is intracellular,
  • 3/12 is interstitial
  • 1/12 is intravascular
24
Q

what are the 4 major causes of edema?

A
  • Increased Intravascular Hydrostatic Pressure
  • Decreased Intravascular Osmotic Pressure (hypoproteinemia)
  • Increased Vascular Permeability
  • Lymphatic Obstruction (lymphangiectasia)
25
Q

a cow is diagnosed with intermandibular edema, what is the probable cause?

A

low protein levels in blood, therefore decreased intravascular osmotic pressure

26
Q

someone is diagnosed with subcutaneous edema from a copperhead bite, what is the mechanism?

A

increased vascular permeability from snake venom toxins

26
Q

Old dog with heart failure develops pendulous abdomen. what is the morphological diagnosis and cause?

A

ascites
- Increased hydrostatic pressure, due to heart backup, creating liver problems, resulting leakage into abdominal cavity.

27
Q

what causes increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure?

A

venous obstruction as blood backs with leakage of crystalloids and fluid, capillary permeability is not altered so proteins (colloids) does not occur

28
Q

a dog with ascites was caused by increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure, what might be another lesion causing this?

A

cirrhotic liver blocking return of portal venous blood to the vena cava

29
Q

congestive heart failure is a good example of which cause of edema?

A

increased hydrostatic pressure

30
Q

which side of the heart pools blood resulting in an increase hydrostatic pressure?

A

right

31
Q

what does left sided heart failure cause?

A

pulmonary congestion and increased hydrostatic pressure causes pulmonary edema

32
Q

what causes edema due to decreased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure?

A

Capillary blood contains a decreased quantity of colloids due to either decreased hepatic synthesis of these proteins or increased protein loss through the kidney or gastrointestinal tract. As a result of the hypoproteinemia, fluid and crystalloids fail to be reabsorbed at the venous end of the capillary and accumulate in the interstitium as edema

33
Q

during decreased colloidal osmotic pressure, reduction in serum ______ decreases intravascular oncotic pressure and causes edema

A

albumin

34
Q

how does hypoproteinemia occur that causes gastrointestinal and renal disease?

A

loss of protein through urine or feces

35
Q

what causes edema due to increased vascular permeability?

A

Endothelial cell damage results in increased capillary permeability to fluid, crystalloids, and colloids.

The increase in colloids within the interstitium reduces reabsorption of fluid at the venous end of the capillary. These colloids are eventually drained away by the lymphatics.

36
Q

describe what the open body cavity of a cat with FIP

A

injury to vascular walls allows leakage of fluid, protein, and cells and causes exudate edema

37
Q

a deer died of pulmonary edema due to either epizootic hemorrhagic disease or bluetongue virus. describe the pathology of these viruses

A

Both viruses are orbiviruses and they like to replicate in the endothelium, especially of the lung. As a result, there is massive leakiness and severe life-threatening pulmonary edema.

38
Q

how does anoxia alter vascular permeability?

A

when there is inadequate oxygen in endothelial cells, they fail to maintain a tight seal between cells and colloids leak between endothelial cells and into and through the vessel wall

39
Q

what happens during edema due to obstruction of lymphatic damage?

A

fluid, crystalloids, and colloids accumulate in the interstitium as edema

40
Q

increased hydrostatic pressure: would you expect the fluid to be a transudate or an exudate; localized or generalized?

A

transudate; edema may be localized or generalized

41
Q

increased vascular permeability: would you expect the fluid to be a transudate or an exudate; localized or generalized?

A

exudate; edema may be localized or generalized

42
Q

decreased plasma osmotic pressure: would you expect the fluid to be a transudate or an exudate; localized or generalized?

A

transudate; generalized edema

43
Q

lymphatic obstruction: would you expect the fluid to be a transudate or an exudate; localized or generalized

A

transudate; edema may be localized or generalized

44
Q

true or false: Decreased plasma oncotic pressure is always a generalized change and so cannot cause localized edema.

A

true

45
Q

what are the two sites commonly involved in adult cows with lymphoma?

A

heart and abomasum

46
Q

what are two sites that edema can be life threatening?

A

brain and larynx

47
Q

how are edema fluids removed?

A

via veins and/or lymphatic vessels

48
Q

chronic edema may be organized by what?

A

fibrous connective tissue

49
Q

what may be the cause of Lymphangiectasia?

A

lymphatic obstruction by tumor cells or lymphatic compression by a bandage wrapped too tightly around a leg

pathology (8 decks)

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