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Review of Equipment Operation & QC > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Has form or shape and occupies space

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2
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in an object; generally considered the same as weight

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3
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

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4
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy of position

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5
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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6
Q

Chemical energy

A

energy resulting from a chemcial reaction

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7
Q

Thermal energy

A

Heat energy resulting from movement of atoms or molecules

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8
Q

Nuclear energy

A

Energy resulting from the nucleus of an atom

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9
Q

Electromagnetic energy

A

Energy that is emitted and transferred through matter

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10
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiataion that is able to remove an electron from an atom

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11
Q

Ionization

A

Removal of an electron from an atom

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12
Q

Measurement Standards

Length

A

Meter

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13
Q

Measurement Standards

Mass

A

Kilogram

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14
Q

Measurement Standards

Time

A

Second

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15
Q

Measurement Standards

MKS System

A

Meters, Kilogram, second

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16
Q

Measurement Standards

SI System

A

Meter, Kilogram, and Second

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17
Q

Measurement Standards

CGS System

A

Centimeter, gram, second

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18
Q

Measurement Standards

British system

A

Foot, pound, second

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19
Q

Measurement Standards

Velocity (speed)

A

How fast an object is moving

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20
Q

Measurement Standards

Acceleration

A

Rate of change of speed per unit of time

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21
Q

Measurement Standards

Work

A

Force applied on an object over a distance

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22
Q

Measurement Standards

Power

A

Rate of doing work (measured in watts)

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23
Q

Atomic Structure

Atomic Nucleus

A

Contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge); contains most of the mass of an atom

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24
Q

Atomic Structure

Atomic mass

A

Number of protons plus number of neutrons; represented by the letter A

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25
Q

Atomic Structure

Electron Shells

A

Contain orbital electrons (- charges); represented by the letters K,L,M,N,O,P, and Q; in a stable atom, the number of electrons and protons is equal

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26
Q

Atomic Structure

Atomic number of an atom

A

Equals the number of protons in the nucleus; represented by the letter Z; the atomic number determines the chemcial element; all elements are represented in the period table of elements

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27
Q

Atomic Structure

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but with a different number of neutrons

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28
Q

Atomic Structure

Electron-binding energy

A

Force that holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus

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29
Q

Atomic Structure

Octet rule

A

Outer shell of an atom may not contain more than 8 electrons

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30
Q

Atomic Structure

Particulate radiation

A

Alpha particles(helium nucleus - two protons and two neutrons); Beta particles (electronlike particles emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom)

31
Q

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Photon

A

Smallest amount of any type of electromagnetic radiation; also considered a bundle of energy called a quantum; travels at the speed of light; travels in waves in a straight path

32
Q

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Sine Waves

A

waves of electromagentic radiation; wave height is called amplitude; distance between peaks of waves is called wavelength; as a photon wavelength decreases, photon energy increases

33
Q

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Frequency

A

Number of wavelengths passing a given point per unit time; meassured in hertz (Hz)

34
Q

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Speed of Travel

A

Electromagenetic radiation travels at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second); travels at the speed of light is constant regardless of wavelength or frequency; wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation are inversely proportional

35
Q

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Gamma Rays

A

Electromagnetic rays produced in the nucleus of radioactive atoms; x-ray and gamma rays differ only in their origins

36
Q

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Wave-particle duality

A

Concept that although x-ray photons exist as waves, they exhibit properties of particles

37
Q

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Attenuation

A

Particel absorption of the energy of an x-ray beam as it tranverses an object

38
Q

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Inverse Square Law

A

Law that governs the intensity of x-radiation; states that the intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of the x-rays and the object

39
Q

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Law of conservation of matter

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed; only changed in form

40
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics

A

Stationary electrical charges (static electricity)

41
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electrification

A

Movement of elctrons between objects

42
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Law of electrostatics

A

Unlike charges attract, and like charges repel; electrostatic charges reside on the outer surface of a conductor and are concentrtated at the area of greatest curvature; only negative charges move

43
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Methods of electrification

A

Friction, contact, and induction

44
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Conductor

A

Material that allows the free flow of electrons

45
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Insulator

A

Object that prohibits the flow of electrons

46
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electrical current

A

Movement of electrons along a conductor or pathway (electrical circuit); measured in amperes

47
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electromotive force (EMF)

A

Measured in volts; the force with which electrons move in an electrical circuit

48
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electrodynamics

A

electrical charges in motion

49
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Semiconductor

A

material that may act as an insulator or conductor under different conditions

50
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electrical resistance

A

Measured in ohms

51
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Ohm’s Law

A

Voltage in the circuit is equal to the current x resistance

52
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electrical circuits

A

Path along which electrons flow; may be wired as series circuits or parallel circuits

53
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Alternating current (AC)

A

Electrical circuit in which the current of electrons oscillates back and forth

54
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Direct current (DC)

A

Unidirectional flow of electrons in an electrical conductor

55
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Sine Wave

A

Representation of electron flow as alternating current

56
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Magnetic field

A

Energy field surrounding an electrical charge in motion; can magnetize a ferromagnetic material, such as iron, if the material is placed in the magnetic field

57
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Magnetic Poles

A

every magnet has a north pole and a south pole

58
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Law of magnetics

A

Like poles repel, and unlike poles attract; the force of attraction between poles is goverened by the inverse square law

59
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electromagnetism

A

Movement of electrons in a conductor produces a magnetic field around the conductor; a coiled conductor (i.e., a wire), through which an electrical current is flowing, as overlapping magnetic fields

60
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Solenoid

A

Stacks of wired coil through which electrical current flows, creating overlapping force field lines; a magnetic field is concentrated through the center of the coil

61
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electromagnet

A

Solenoid with an iron core that concentrates the magnetic field

62
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electromagnetic induction

A

process of causing an electrical current to flow in a conductor when it is placed within the magnetic field of anther conductor; two types of electromagnetic induction are self-induction and mutual induction

63
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Self-induction

A

Opposing voltage created in a conductor by passing alternating current through it

64
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Mutual induction

A

inducing current flow in a secondary coil by varying the current flow through a primary coil

65
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electrical generator

A

Device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy; usual output of an electical generator is alternating current

66
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Single-phase, two-pulse alternating current

A

simplest type of current; voltage (and accompaning current) flows as a sine wave; voltage begins at zero, peaks at full value at the crest of the wave, returns to zero, reverses, and again peaks on the inverse portion of the cycle at the trough

67
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Three-phase alternating current

A

Special wiring patterns (“wye,” “star,” “delta”) used to create voltage waveforms that are placed 120 degrees out of phase with one another; these voltage waveforms are called three-phase; three-phase waveforms may have 6 pulses per cycle or 12 pulses per cycle; three-phase, 6-pulse waveforms contain 360 pulses per second; three-phase 12 pulse waveforms contain 720 pulses per second; high-frequency generators produce high-frequency electricity

68
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Electrical motor

A

Device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

69
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Transformer

A

Changes electrical vltage and current into higher or lower values; the transformer operates on the principle of mutual induction, so it requires alternating current

70
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Step-up transformer

A

Transfomer that increases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and decreases current in the same proportion; a step-up tranformer has more turns in the secondary than in the primary coil; a step-up tranformer is used in the x-ray circuit to increase voltage to the kilovoltage level for x-ray production

71
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Step-down transformer

A

Transformer that decreases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and increases current in the same proportion; a step-down transformer has more turns in the primary than in the secondary coil; a step-down transformer is used in the filament portion of the x-ray circuit to increase current flow to the cathode

72
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Autotransformer

A

Transformer that contains an iron core and a single winding of wire; an autotransformer is used in the x-ray circuit to provide a small increase in voltage before the step-up transformer; the kVp settings are made at the autotransformer

73
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Rectification

A

Process of changing alternating current to direct current

74
Q

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Line voltage compensation

A

x-ray circuit depends on a constant source of power; power coming into the radiology department may vary; line voltage compensator keeps incoming voltage adjusted to proper value; usually operates automatically but may be manually adjusted on older equiptment

Review of Equipment Operation & QC (6 decks)

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