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Biology > Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Factors controlled by homeostasis

A

Body temp
Blood glucose
Blood ph

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2
Q

Negative feedback steps

A

Change in internal environ
Receptors are stimulated when level is too high
Receptors send signal to effectors through nervous system
Effectors counteract the change
Can only maintain within specific range

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3
Q

Normal blood glucose

A

90mg per 100cm3

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4
Q

What monitors blood glucose levels

A

Pancreatic cells

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5
Q

Controlling blood glucose in the liver

A

Gluconeogenisis
Glycogenisis
Glycogenolysis

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6
Q

What cells detect high glucose

A

Beta cells

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7
Q

Hormones responsible for restoring blood glucose if too low

A

Glucagon
Adrenaline

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8
Q

When is adrenaline released

A

In response to exercise

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9
Q

Primary messengers

A

Glucagon
adrenaline
Insulin

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10
Q

When blood glucose is too low

A

Adrenaline and glucagon bind to receptors on membrane of liver cells
Binding activates an enzyme - adenylate Cyclase converts atp to cAMP
CAMP activates protein kinase A
Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen to glucose

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11
Q

Gluconeogenisis

A

Production of glucose from non carbohydrate sources eg liver makes glucose from glycerol and AA

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12
Q

Diabetes 2

A

Develops when muscle and liver cells stop responding to insulin

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13
Q

Diabetes 1

A

Autoimmune disease attacks beta cells prevent secretion of insulin

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14
Q

Glucose in urine technique

A

Colorimetry with Benedict’s solution

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15
Q

Glycogenisis

A

Production of glycogen when insulin bonds to cell membrane

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16
Q

Insulin bonds to liver cell

A

Increase uptake of glucose
Glycogenisis forming glycogen
Lipigenisis glucose forms fatty acids
Increased respiration

17
Q

Islets of langerhans

A

Alpha cells glucagon
Beta cells insulin

18
Q

Endocrine pancreatic cells

A

Islets of langerhans produce insulin and glucagon

19
Q

Exocrine pancreatic cells

A

Acinar cells secrete enzymes into the pancreatic duct

20
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Secrete steroid hormones - cortisol aldosterone

21
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Secretes protein based hormones
Adrenaline increasing heart rate widen pupils etc

22
Q

Fight or flight response

A

Hypothalamus sends impulse along sympathetic neurone to the adrenal medulla release adrenaline
Pituitary gland release acth neurotransmitter cortex secrete cortisol break down fats suppress immune system

23
Q

Action of adrenaline

A

To trigger the liver cells to undergo Glycogenolysis so glucose released in blood stream - incr respiration for muscle contraction

24
Q

Adrenaline process

A

Hormone binds to cell membrane receptor site
Fuses to receptor site and activates adenylyl cyclase inside membrane
Activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP which acts as a secondary messenger activating protein kinases - enzymes for glycogen to glucose process

25
Q

Protein kinases

A

Phosphorylate and activate enzymes
in the adrenaline process activate enzymes in Glycogenolysis process

26
Q

Diabetes 1 treatment

A

Regular insulin injections - prick finger
(Too much hypoglycaemia)
Pancreatic transplant
B cell injection
Stem cell treatment

27
Q

Diabetes 2 treatment

A

Regulate carbohydrate intake - diet and exercise
Insulin stimulation drugs
Drugs slow down glucose absorption
Insulin injections - rare

28
Q

Insulin artificial production

A

Genetically modified bacteria produce insulin
Produce pure insulin
Can be produced in higher quant
Costs cheaper
Ethical animal use overcome

29
Q

Stem cell diabetes treatment

A

Totipotent cells in embryo - has to be destroyed
Source would be from infertility treatments or abortions
Or can use umbilical stem cells

30
Q

Advantages of stem cell treatments

A

Donor availability not issue - stem cells produce unlimited
Reduce likelihood of rejection issues - can be made by somatic cell nuclear transfer
No longer have to inject w insulin

31
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble
Pass through phospholipid bilayer
Receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
Hormone- receptor complex acts as transcription factor to synthesise protein

32
Q

Non steroid hormones

A

Hydrophilic cannot enter the cell binds to cell surface membrane receptors trigger secondary messengers cause reactions
Adrenaline -> adenylyl cyclase

Biology (24 decks)

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