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ephe 355 > kinematics > Flashcards

kinematics Flashcards

1
Q

key positions in anatomical neutral

A
  • head, eyes, palms face forward
  • feet flat on floor & forward
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2
Q

2 subdivisions of skeletal system:

A
  1. axial skeleton
  2. appendicular skeleton
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3
Q

difference b/n kinetics & kinematics

A

kinematics doesn’t account for forces that produce movement
- type, direction, and quantity of motion: 3D

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4
Q

3 cardinal planes of movement:

A
  1. frontal/ coronal
  2. sagittal
  3. transverse
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5
Q

where does the axis corresponding to each plane lie?
where does movement on this plane occur?

A
  • axis of rotation lies at right angle to each plane
  • movement occurs about this perpendicular axis
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6
Q

what is axial movement also called?

A

circular movement - body moves about axis in circular fashion

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7
Q

what axis of movement goes into the sagittal plane?
movement example?

A

medial-lateral plane
flex/extension
ex: summersault

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8
Q

what axis of movement goes into the transverse plane?
movement example?

A

longitudinal
superior/ inferior
ex: pirouette

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9
Q

what axis of movement goes into the frontal plane?
movement example?

A

anterior - posterior
ab/duction
ex: cartwheel

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10
Q

what is movement about midline called?

A

left and right right flexion

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11
Q

what is an oblique plane?

A

plane that has 2/3 cardinal planes
*affects available ranges of motion

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12
Q

joint:

A

connection point b/n 2 bones
- named for bones that form articulation
- controls motion b/n 2 surfaces

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13
Q

3 basic classifications of joints:

A
  1. rigid, ex: skull sutures
  2. semi-rigid, ex: forearm
  3. highly mobile, ex: shoulder
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14
Q

joint flexion:

A

bony segment moves towards the other, decrease joint angle

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15
Q

joint extension:

A

bony segment moves aware from other, increase joint angle

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16
Q

hyperextension:

A

exceeds typical ROM

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17
Q

abduction:

A

motion of of a segment away from midline

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18
Q

adduction:

A

motion towards midline

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19
Q

lateral flexion:

A

trunk and neck movement?

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20
Q

rotation:
includes (4)

A

movement of a bony segment around a vertical axis
includes:
- supination and pronation of forearm
- inversion and eversion

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21
Q

2 subdivisions of kinematics:

A
  1. osteokinematics
  2. arthrokinematics
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22
Q

what do osteokinematics vs arthrokinematics focus on?

A

osteo:
- looks at gross movement of 2 adjacent bony segments as they move relative to one another
- can easily see motion
arthro:
- looks at specific movement occurring within joint and between it’s surfaces
*required for full osteokinematic movement
- difficult to see

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23
Q

osteokinematics:

A

movement of bony levers in a cardinal plane through their ROM around corresponding axis

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24
Q

2 types of osteokinematic motion:

A
  1. linear = motion parallel to axis
  2. angular = motion around an axis
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25
Q

linear/ translational motion:

A

all points on a body in motion move the SAME distance in the SAME direction at the SAME time
ex: carpal glide, elevator

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26
Q

angular motion:

A

every point on a body segment moves about axis of rotation making a circle arc
- different regions of body segment move different distances in same time frame
ex: crack the whip

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27
Q

what axes in the body might angular motion move about?

A
  • a joint
  • COM: belly button region TYPICALLY
  • fixed external axis - ex: gymnastics bars
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28
Q

what 2 things combine for body movement?

A

linear + rotary movement

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29
Q

degrees of freedom:
how many do we have?

A

of planes about which a joint can move
max 3 (ex: hip, spine)

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30
Q

3 categories of joints based on DOF:

A
  1. uniaxial
  2. biaxial
  3. triaxial
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31
Q

uniaxial joint types:

A
  • hinge ex: humeral ulnar joint
  • pivot ex: radial ulnar
32
Q

biaxial joint types:

A
  • condyloid
  • ellipsoid
  • saddle
33
Q

triaxial joint type”

A

ball-and-socket ex: shoulder

34
Q

is circumduction a DOF? why?

A

NO
it’s a sumamtion of 2/+ joints and their DOF’s

35
Q

goniometry:
measure how?

A

measures angle joint in its ROM - quantifies joint motion
measured b/n 0-180 degrees BILATERALLY
ex: shoulders or hips - “normal” ranges?

36
Q

end feel:

A

sensation noted at end range of passive ROM

37
Q

3 normal types of end feel:

A
  1. hard/ bony ex: elbow extension
  2. soft tissue approximation (limb runs into body) ex: elbow/ knee flexion
  3. firm/ capsular (capsule limits from going too far) ex: shoulder, ankles
38
Q

pathologic end feel:

A

“feels empty” due to:
- client willingness
- dislocation
- limited by pain

39
Q

kinematic chain:

A

combo of joints uniting in successive segments, describe a movement skill
ex: open or closed

40
Q

open kinematic chain (OKC):

A

distal segment of chain moves, motion not dependent on other segment
- stability compromised for mobility
- speeeed
ex: soccer kick/ gymnastic rings

41
Q

closed kinematic chain (CKC):

A

distal segment fixed, proximal segments move - motion of one segment requires all segments to move
- mobility is compromised for stability and power
- power + strength
ex: squat, pull up, cycling (clipped in)

42
Q

arthrokinematics:

A

joint surfaces on eachother, not grossly visible BUT required for full ROM
- involuntary motion

43
Q

what determines arthrokinematic movement b/n bones?

A

shape of articulating joint surfaces

44
Q

arthrology:

A

how joints moves based on their structure and shape

45
Q

functional classification:

A

categories based on ROM permitted

46
Q

3 functional categories:

A
  1. synarthrosis
  2. amphiarthrosis
  3. diarthrosis
47
Q

structural classification:

A

based on type tissue connecting the bones

48
Q

3 structural categories:

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
49
Q

synarthrosis:

A

syn = together (synchronized)
ex: synovial membrane, skull sutures, teeth

50
Q

aphiarthrosis:

A

amphi = can be solid or mobile (amphibians)
some motion, a bit of cartilage

51
Q

diathrosis:

A

dia = freely mobile (diarrhoea)

52
Q

synarthodial (fibrous) joints:

A
  • offer stability, little/ no movement
  • tight b/n bony segments, no synovial cavity
    ex: skull sutures
53
Q

syndesmosis synarthodial joint:

A
  • bones connected by ligaments, SLIGHT movement + interosseous membrane
    ex: b/n radius and ulna
54
Q

amphiarthodial (cartilaginous) joints:

A
  • provide mobility + stability
  • little/ no movement
  • cartilaginous structure b/n bones, no synovial cavity
    ex: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis (expantion needed for childbearing)
55
Q

sychondroses amphiarthrodial joints:

A

epiphyseal plate –> hyaline cartilage connects tissue then is converted into long bone
ex: close around 25, before 25 = more risk taking behaviour

56
Q

diarthrodial (synovial) joints:

A
  • provide mobility
  • most common in body
  • either ovoid (most) or sellar –> creates concave-convex relationship
57
Q

what is the hallmark of diarthrodial joints?

A

joint capsule

58
Q

what are the 2 layers of a joint capsule?

A
  1. stratum fibrosum
    - thicker
    - articular capsule attaches to bone on either side of joint
  2. stratum synovium
    - produces synovial fluid = no friction
    EXCEPT knee = synovial layer bulges
59
Q

common elements of synovial joints (7):

A
  • cartilage (for shock and friction, breaks down when arthritis)
  • articular discs
  • joint capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • bursae
  • accessory/ reinforcing ligaments
  • blood and nerve supply
60
Q

bursae:
where?
function?

A
  • sacs containing fluid
  • reduce friction under tendons, b/n tendons, ligaments, and bones
  • can get inflamed, less gushy w age
61
Q

6 categories of synovial joints:

A
  1. planar/ gliding joint
  2. hing joint
  3. pivot joint
  4. condyloid aka ellipsodal joint
  5. saddle joint
  6. ball and socket joint
62
Q

planar joints:

A

slide and glide movements!
ex: intercarpal, intertarsal

63
Q

hinge joints:

A

open/ close motion like a door hinge
monoaxial
ex: elbow, knee*****

64
Q

pivot joints:

A

bone surface articulates w ring partly formed by another bone
monoaxial
ex: palms turn anterior+posterior, or pivot b/n C1 and C2

65
Q

condyloid joints:

A

projection of one bone fits into oval depression of another
biaxial
ex: radiocarpal, talocrural (ankle)

66
Q

saddle joints:

A

articular surface of one bone fits onto saddle shaped surface of the other
biaxial
ex: b/n trapezium of wrist and metacarpal of thumb
“2 pringles”

67
Q

ball and socket joints:

A

ball-like surface of one fits into cup-like surface of other
triaxial
ex: shoulder, hip

68
Q

rolling - type of motion:

A

angular
(points of one bony surface contact a series of points on other bony surface)

69
Q

gliding - type of motion

A

linear
one bony point contacts series of point on another

70
Q

spinning - type of motion

A

one surface rotates around a stationary longitudinal axis
ex: knee joint
????

71
Q

what do basic arthrokinematic joint motions accompany?
why are they needed?
are they voluntary?

A
  • osteokinematic motion (ex: gliding accompanies flexion)
  • required for full FOM
  • involuntary
72
Q

concave moving on convex principle:

A

roll and glide are in SAME direction

73
Q

convex moving on concave principle:

A

roll and glide are in OPPOSITE directions

74
Q

why do we see mobility loss post surgery?

A
  • adhesions = wound scars
  • scaring and collagen production
  • immobilization = lack of range
75
Q

closed packed position:

A

everything is as tight as possible
- max SA contact
- capsuloligamentous tissue taut
- minimal accessory motion
ex: knee - full extension

76
Q

open packed position:

A
  • any position but “closed packed”
  • joint surfaces don’t fit congruently
    ex: knee - 30 degrees of knee flexion
77
Q

clinical applications of open packed position?

A
  • joint mobilization to treat hypomobile joints
  • ligamentous rupture - joint may become hypermobile

ephe 355 (7 decks)

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