Ihminen ja terveys

Question 1

Mitkä ovat 3 eri rasva tyyppiä ravinnossa?

Answer 1

Tyydyttyneet rasvat ovat kiinteitä ja siinä hiilet ovat yksöissidoksilla kiinni vedyissä. Kiinteä rakenne tukkii verisuonia, sekä hidastaa aineenvaihduntaa ja neuronien liikettä.

Tyydyttymättömissä rasvoissa joidenkin hiilien välillä on kaksoissidoksia, mikä taivuttaa molekyylirakennetta tehden siitä vähemmän kiinteätä ja siksi nämä rasvat ovat yleensä nestemäisiä huoneenlämmössä.

Transrasvat ovat tyydyttymättömiä rasvoja, joiden vetyjen puutteen symmetrisyys rakenteessa pitää ne kiinteinä.

Tyydyttyneet rasvat nostavat molempien kolestrolien pitoisuutta, normaalit tyydyttymättömät nostavat hyvän ja laskevat huonojen määrää ja transrasvat päinvastoin.

tldr: tyydyttymättömät > tyydyttyneet > trans

Question 2

What are the three categories of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates can be categorized into sugars, dietary fiber, and starch.

Question 3

What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?

Answer 3

Simple carbohydrates or sugars include monosaccharides and disaccharides, while complex carbohydrates, or polysaccharides, include dietary fiber and starch.

Question 4

How does the body process glucose and fructose?

Answer 4

Glucose is converted into ATP, a form of energy usable by cells, while fructose is metabolized in the liver and can be converted into fat.

Question 5

What role does dietary fiber play in digestion and overall health?

Answer 5

Dietary fiber is not digested and absorbed like other nutrients but passes to the large intestine, where it feeds gut bacteria. These bacteria contribute to overall health by producing certain vitamins and substances that promote metabolism.

Question 6

How does the body’s absorption of starch differ from its absorption of sugars?

Answer 6

Starches take longer to be absorbed into the bloodstream than simple sugars because they need to be broken down first. The presence of dietary fiber can further slow this absorption.

Question 7

What are the main components of the endocannabinoid system?

Answer 7

The endocannabinoid system comprises endocannabinoids, enzymes that synthesize and degrade these endocannabinoids, and cannabinoid receptors that these endocannabinoids bind to.

Question 8

What are the two major types of cannabinoid receptors, and where are they primarily located?

Answer 8

The two major types of cannabinoid receptors are CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are primarily found in the central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are more often found in peripheral cells associated with the immune system.

Question 9

What are some of the functions that the endocannabinoid system helps to regulate?

Answer 9

The endocannabinoid system helps regulate a variety of functions and processes, including sleep, mood, appetite, memory, and stress.

Question 10

What is the interaction of THC with cannabinoid receptors?

Answer 10

THC is a partial agonist of the CB1 and CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system, meaning it binds to these receptors and activates them, but not to their full potential.

Question 11

How does CBD interact with cannabinoid and other receptors?

Answer 11

CBD is often described as an antagonist or negative allosteric modulator of CB1 receptors, reducing their ability to bind with other substances. It also interacts with various other receptors, including certain serotonin receptors.

Question 12

What happens when CBDA and THCA are heated?

Answer 12

When heated, CBDA and THCA undergo a process called decarboxylation and convert into CBD and THC, respectively. This is why cannabis is typically smoked or vaporized.

Question 13

What are some innate abilities of infants?

Answer 13

Infants have an innate ability for basic logic and arithmetic, object permanence, understanding probabilities, recognizing animals from other objects, and recognizing motivated movement.

Question 14

What is the role of eye gaze in infant learning?

Answer 14

Infants look for cues in the speaker’s gaze to determine if the speaker is trying to teach them something and to identify the objects of instruction. For example, if the speaker says a word while looking at an object, the infant will associate the word with the object.

Question 15

What is the role of sleep in learning?

Answer 15

During sleep, the brain revisits the events of the day, and the same neural pathways used during the day are activated, which strengthens the connections between neurons. This process leads to the creation of specialized neural networks and the long-term automation of learned functions.

Question 16

What are the functions of a cell?

Answer 16

The functions of a cell include reproduction (cell division), homeostasis, energy utilization, growth and development, interaction with the environment, and adaptation to it.

Question 17

What is the role of genes?

Answer 17

Genes primarily provide instructions to ribosomes for building proteins. They are stored in DNA, which is packed into chromosomes, and the instructions are divided into three-letter words (ATGC) that correspond to specific amino acids in ribosomes.

Question 18

What is the function of enzymes in cells?

Answer 18

Enzymes act as catalysts for chemical reactions in cells, speeding up reactions that would otherwise be too slow. They often consist of proteins with an active center made of metal groups (cofactors) or organic molecules (coenzymes), and specialize in specific reactions by binding only to specific substances.

Question 19

What is the role of ATP in cells?

Answer 19

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is used for energy transfer and storage in cells. It releases energy when a phosphate group is detached from it.

Question 20

What is gene regulation?

Answer 20

Gene regulation means that gene expression is possible only when a specific gene is needed. Chemical groups can attach to a gene, either inhibiting or facilitating its transcription (copying of the gene into messenger RNA).

Question 21

What is epigenetic inheritance?

Answer 21

Epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of genetic information other than through DNA or RNA. In some cases, the gene expression patterns of a parent can be passed on to the next generation.