Exam 1 (ch.1)

Question 1

the study of the use of punishment for criminal acts

Answer 1

Penology

Question 2

The term first used to describe secure facilities used to hold offenders serving a criminal sentence; still used today for some older highly secure prisons

Answer 2

Penitentiary

Question 3

The range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders

Answer 3

Corrections

Question 4

A legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime

Answer 4

Penal Code.

Question 5

An Italian theorist who in the eighteenth century first suggested that linking crime causation to punishments and became known as the founder of the Classical School of criminology

Answer 5

Cesare Beccaria

Question 6

The theory linking crime causation to punishment, based on offenders’ free will and hedonism

Answer 6

Classical School

Question 7

Creator of the hedonistic calculus suggesting that punishments outweigh the pleasure criminals get from committing their crime

Answer 7

Jeremy Bentham

Question 8

The idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to achieve the most pleasure and the least pain and that individuals are constantly calculating the pluses and minuses of their potential actions

Answer 8

Hedonistic Calculus

Question 9

The belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control

Answer 9

Positive School

Question 10

The Italian physician who in the nineteenth century founded the Positive School

Answer 10

Cesare Lombroso

Question 11

A compromise between Classical and Positive Schools, while holding offenders accountable for their crimes, allowing for some consideration of mitigating and aggravating circumstances

Answer 11

Neoclassical School

Question 12

. Used in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to remove criminals from society by sending them to British Colonies such as America

Answer 12

Transportation

Question 13

Early term for jails

Answer 13

Goals

Question 14

The sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, who encouraged reform of English jails in the late 1700s

Answer 14

John Howard

Question 15

The first penitentiary in the United States (built under Quaker values, hard work during the day, silent at night to reflect)

Answer 15

Walnut Street Jail

Question 16

The “separate and silent” system of prison operations emphasizing reformation and avoidance of criminal contamination (solitary 24/7, worked alone in cell)

Answer 16

Pennsylvania system

Question 17

The congregate and silent operations of prisons, in which inmates were allowed to work together during the day, but had to stay separate and silent at other times

Answer 17

Auburn system

Question 18

An environment emphasizing reformation that expanded education and vocational programs and focused offenders’ attention on their future

Answer 18

Reformatory Era

Question 19

Prison operations with emphasis on having inmates work and produce products that could help to make the prisons self-sustaining

Answer 19

Industrial Prison Era

Question 20

An era of prison operations in which enforced idleness, lack of professional programs, and excessive size and overcrowding of prisons resulted in an increase in prisoner discontent and prison riots

Answer 20

Period of Transition

Question 21

Hands-off doctrine: An avoidance by the U.S Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators

Answer 21

Hands-off doctrine

Question 22

An era of prison management emphasizing the professionalizing of staff through recruitment and implementation of many self-improvement programs

Answer 22

Rehabilitative Era

Question 23

A theory of corrections that offenders were sick, inflicted with problems that caused their criminality, and needed to be diagnosed and treated, and the rehabilitative programs would resolve offenders’ problems and prepare them for release into the community able to be productive and crime-free

Answer 23

Medical model

Question 24

An era of corrections that emphasizes holding offenders accountable for their acts and being tough on criminals while keeping them isolated from law-abiding citizens and making them serve “hard” time

Answer 24

Retributive Era

Question 25

The correctional goal emphasizing the infliction of pain or suffering

Answer 25

Punishment

Question 26

Infliction of punishment on those who deserve to be punished

Answer 26

Retribution

Question 27

The result of the 1983 case of Solem v. Helm; a test used to guide sentencing based on the gravity of the offense and consistency of the severity of punishment

Answer 27

Test of Proportionality

Question 28

The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes

Answer 28

Specific Deterrence

Question 29

The recognition that criminal acts result in punishment, and the effect of that recognition on society that prevents future crimes

Answer 29

General Deterrence

Question 30

Reducing offenders’ ability or capacity to commit further crimes

Answer 30

Incapacitation

Question 31

Incarceration of high-risk offenders for preventive reasons based on what they are expected to do, not what they have already done

Answer 31

Selective Incapacitation

Question 32

. A programmed effort to alter the attitudes and behaviors of inmates and improve their likelihood of becoming law abiding citizens

Answer 32

Rehabilitation

Question 33

The state of relapse that occurs when offenders complete their criminal punishment and then continue to commit crimes (return to crime)

Answer 33

Recidivism

Question 34

Acts by which criminals make right or repay society ot their victims for their wrongs

Answer 34

Restitution

Question 35

The criminal justice system’s recognition that victims should be involved in the process of sentencing criminals

Answer 35

Victims’ movement

Question 36

Models of sentencing that shift the focus away from punishment of the offender and emphasize involving the victim while holding offenders accountable for the harm they caused and finding opportunities for them to repair the damage

Answer 36

Restorative Justice

Question 37

A program in which prison inmates are allowed to leave the prison early to reside in a halfway house and prepare for reentry to the community

Answer 37

Furlough

Question 38

An attitude that criminals should be severely punished for their wrongdoings and long prison sentences are the most effective criminal sanction

Answer 38

“Tough on Crime”