Unit 7

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

Teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture.

Question 2

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 2

Style of parenting in which parents show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children.

Question 3

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 3

Style of parenting in which parents use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children.

Question 4

Permissive Parenting

Answer 4

Style of parenting in which parents offer warmth and caring but little control over their children.

Question 5

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 5

Style of parenting in which parents provide neither warmth nor control and minimize the time they spend with their children.

Question 6

Direct Instruction

Answer 6

Telling the child what to do, when, and why.

Question 7

Counterimitation

Answer 7

Learning what should not be done by observing the behavior.

Question 8

Reinforcement

Answer 8

Consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future.

Question 9

Punishment

Answer 9

Application of an aversive stimulus (eg., a spanking) or removal of an attractive stimulus (eg., TV viewing).

Question 10

Negative Reinforcement Trap

Answer 10

Unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage.

Question 11

Time-Out

Answer 11

Punishment that involves removing children who are misbehaving from a situation to a quiet, unstimulating environment.

Question 12

Open Adoption

Answer 12

An adoption in which adopted children (and their adoptive families) communicate with the children’s birth family.

Question 13

Joint Custody

Answer 13

Custody agreement in which both parents retain legal custody of their children following divorce.

Question 14

Blended Family

Answer 14

Family consisting of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children.

Question 15

Ego Resilience

Answer 15

Person’s ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations.

Question 16

Friendship

Answer 16

Voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.

Question 17

Co-Rumination

Answer 17

Conversation about one’s personal problems, common among adolescent girls.

Question 18

Clique

Answer 18

Small group of friends who are similar in age, sex, and race.

Question 19

Crowd

Answer 19

Large group including many cliques that have similar attitudes and values.

Question 20

Dominance Hierarchy

Answer 20

Ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status.

Question 21

Popular Children

Answer 21

Children who are liked by many classmates.

Question 22

Rejected Children

Answer 22

As applied to children’s popularity, children who are disliked by many classmates.

Question 23

Controversial Children

Answer 23

As applied to children’s popularity, children who are intensely liked or disliked by classmates.

Question 24

Average Children

Answer 24

As applied to children’s popularity, children who are liked and disliked by different classmates, but with relatively little intensity.

Question 25

Neglected Children

Answer 25

As applied to children’s popularity, children who are ignored (neither liked or disliked) by their classmates.

Question 26

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 26

Aggression used to achieve an explicit goal.

Question 27

Hostile Aggression

Answer 27

Unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another child.

Question 28

Cyberbullying

Answer 28

Using social media to hurt other people by repeatedly insulting them, excluding them, or spreading rumors about them.

Question 29

Undifferentiated

Answer 29

Occurs at ages 3 to 6. Children know that self and others can have different thoughts and feelings but often confuse the two.

Question 30

Social-Informational

Answer 30

Occurs at ages 4 to 9. Children know that perspectives differ because people can have access to different information.

Question 31

Self-Reflective

Answer 31

Occurs at ages 7 to 12. Children can step into another person’s shoes and view themselves as others do; they know that others can do the same.

Question 32

Third-Person

Answer 32

Occurs at ages 10 to 15. Children can step outside the immediate situation to see how they and another person are viewed by a third person.

Question 33

Societal

Answer 33

Occurs at ages 14 and beyond. Adolescents realize that a third-person perspective is influenced by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts.

Question 34

Recursive Thinking

Answer 34

Thoughts that focus on what another person is thinking.