Test 1

Question 1

Confirmation Bias

Answer 1

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values.

Question 2

Dunning-Kruger Effect

Answer 2

The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias whereby people with low ability, expertise, or experience regarding a certain type of task or area of knowledge tend to overestimate their ability or knowledge.

Question 3

Nature vs. Nurture

Answer 3

Nature refers to how genetics influence an individual’s personality, whereas nurture refers to how their environment (including relationships and experiences) impacts their development.

Question 4

Mind-Body Problem

Answer 4

The ‘mind-body problem’ centers on whether the mind and the body are separate things or one and the same. There are two main competing theories, dualism and monism.

Question 5

Dualism

Answer 5

The mind and the body are separate yet intertwined.

Question 6

Monism

Answer 6

The mind and body are completely separate.

Question 7

Functionalism

Answer 7

Functionalism is the theory that the human brain exist to serve a function, preserving life and adapting to environmental demands. The mind exists to help us survive.

Question 8

Open Science Movement

Answer 8

A movement in recent years to improve the methods used in psychological science by making research plans and design more transparent, documenting failed studies, and sharing data.

Question 9

Goals of Science

Answer 9

Description, Prediction, Explanation

Question 10

Peer Review

Answer 10

Peer Review is a process by which other scientists with similar expertise evaluate and critique research reports.

Question 11

Replication

Answer 11

Replication involves repeating a study to see if the results are the same (or similar).

Question 12

False Positive

Answer 12

False positive occurs when the hypothesis is false but results are true by chance.

Question 13

Questionable Research Practices

Answer 13

Small Samples
HARKing
p-hacking
Underreporting null effects

Question 14

Meta-Analysis

Answer 14

Meta-analysis is a type of study that, as its name implies, is an analysis of multiple analyses. In other words, it is a study of studies that have already been conducted.

Question 15

Case Study

Answer 15

A case study is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case within a real-world context. For example, case studies in medicine may focus on an individual patient or ailment.

Question 16

Participant Observation

Answer 16

A research methodology where the researcher is immersed in the day-to-day activities of the participants.

Question 17

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 17

A research methodology where the observer is passive, remains separated from the situation, and makes no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior.

Question 18

Construct Validity

Answer 18

Construct validity concerns how well a set of indicators represent or reflect a concept that is not directly measurable.

Question 19

External Validity

Answer 19

The extent to which you can generalize the findings of a study to other situations, people, settings, and measures.

Question 20

Internal Validity

Answer 20

The extent to which you can be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship established in a study cannot be explained by other factors.

Question 21

Reliability

Answer 21

refers to the consistency of a measure