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BIOL332 > Terminology Review > Flashcards

Terminology Review Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

Entire halpoid set of heritable Material found in a cell or organism
- usually DNA – sometimes RNA

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Organized structure of DNA containing all or part of the genetic material of an organism

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

The substance of a chromosome containing DNA + protein

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4
Q

Chromatid

A

One half of a replicated Chromosome

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5
Q

Eurochromatin

A

Loosley packed forms of chromatin
***Light bands

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6
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly packed forms of chromatin
***Dark bands

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7
Q

What makes up a chromosome

A

Chromatin (Chromatin = DNA + Protein)

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8
Q

Chromatid

A

A replicated chromosome prior to recombination and or cell division

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9
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Within the same replicated chromonome

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10
Q

Non-Sister chromatids

A

Found on homlogous chromsome

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11
Q

Chomosome termnonlogy image

A
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12
Q

DNA

A

Deocyriobonucleic Acid – hereditary materia

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13
Q

ssDNA

A

Single Stranded DNA

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14
Q

nDNA

A

Nuclear DNA – DNA found in the nucelus
***nDNA = typically contains multiple chromosomes

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15
Q

mtDNA

A

Mitocondrial DNA – DNA found in the mitocndria

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16
Q

cpDNA

A

Chloroplast DNA – DNA found in the chloroplast

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17
Q

Chomosomes in bacteria + Viruses + mtDNA = cpDNA

A

Bacteria + Viruses + mtDNA = cpDNA = tyically contain a single chromsome AND the complete unit of DNA in tehse organeeles/organsims are pften referd to as the bacterial + viral + mirocondrial + chlorplastal genomes

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18
Q

What is included when refer to Eukaryotic genome

A

technically the complete genomes includes nDNA + mtDNA + cpDNA BUT when someone is talking about the Eukaryotic genome they are typically refering to nDNA only

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19
Q

Gene

A

Heretible unit that contributes to a charachteristics – often encodes protein BUT can also encode RNAs

***segment of DNA that contributes to charachteristics –> usually Protein coding regions

20
Q

Coding DNA

A

regions of genome that represent protein coding sequences

21
Q

What does gene refer to

A

The term gene can refer to the coding sequence only OR the coding sequence and the regulatory sequences that are proximal to the coding sequence

22
Q

Allele

A

A version or variant of a particular locus on the genome

23
Q

What does allele refer to

A

Often refer to gene variants BUT can also refer to variation in DNA sequences at any position on the genome (even in non-coding regions)

24
Q

Allele Names

A

Can be anything as long as they are defined

25
Q

Types of alleles

A
  1. Wild-Type
  2. Mutant
  3. Null
26
Q

Wild-Type allele

A

One of many possible alleles of a gene that allo wthe gene to function “normally”
***Normal can be context specific

27
Q

Mutant Allele

A

Allele that results in abnormal function of a gene

***Can also refer to scenerios where reserachers are monitoring changes (mutation) in DNA whether they are involoved in gene function or not

28
Q

Null Allele

A

An Allele that results in either no gene product being produced or the absence of function of the gene product at the phenotypic level

29
Q

Genotypes for a locus in diploid organisms abbreviation

A

+/+ – indicated 2 W-T alleles
+/- – indicates 1 W-T and 1 Null allele
-/- – indicates 2 Null alleles

30
Q

Locus

A

A specific position on a genome

31
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable charachteristics

32
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles for a particular individual

33
Q

Chromosome Number (N)

A

Refers to the number of unique nuclear chromsomes in a cell or organsims
***Excludes mtDNA + cpDNA

34
Q

Ploidy

A

The number of sets of chromsomes in a cell
Example – halpoid 1N OR diploid 2N

35
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that share similar structural features and genes – inherited from each parental source

36
Q

Alleles on Homologous Chromosomes

A

Homologous Chromosomes can have different alleles

37
Q

What types of organisms have homologous chromosomes

A

Only organsims thar are >2N (diploid or higher) have homologous chromosomes

38
Q

Karyotype

A

An individual’s collection of chromosomes

39
Q

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

A

refers to the state of an individual with identical or non-identical alleles at a particular locues

+/+ VS. -/- VS. +/-

40
Q

Homozygous

A

Two of the same allele
AA or +/+ or -/-

41
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different Alleles
Aa or =/-

42
Q

What is common feature of chromosome in Prokaryotes

A

Circular + Smaller than Eukaryotes

43
Q

What is the order of DNA from the least condenced to the most

A

Nucelosome –> 30nm fiber –> 30 nm loop –> 250 nm fiber –> 700 nm fiber

***Check this

44
Q

Gene expression is most likley to occur in…

A

Eurochromtin – Logical because it is looke = transcription/translation can occur

45
Q

Directionality of FISH probes

A

Probe – 5’-3’
DNA – 3’-5’

46
Q

What type of variation is obseirved in this chromsome (one was longer than another)

A

Heterochromatin + Eurochromatin differences

47
Q

A gene, BING-GB, contributes to the development of green blood and is located on the p arm of the metacentric chromosome 16. Individuals with the GBa allele are more likely to develop green blood than individuals with GBb allele. The BCA gene, located on q arm of the submetacentric chromosome 7, is involved with affinity for bearcats. Individuals with the BCA1 allele are more likely to love bearcats than individuals with the BCA2 allele. Consider an individual that is heterozygous for both loci. Which of the following depicts the relevant chromosomes following G1 phase of the cell cycle.

A

BIOL332 (25 decks)

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