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general psychology 200 > Chapter 5: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning according to behaviorists?

A

It is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

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2
Q

What is learning according to cognitive theorists?

A

The process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way key represent the environment because of experience

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3
Q

A simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

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4
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A simple unlearned response to a stimulus

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5
Q

What is an environmental condition that elicits a response?

A

Stimulus

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6
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (ucs)?a

A

A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning

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7
Q

What is an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus called?

A

An unconditioned response (ucr)

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8
Q

What is an orienting reflex?

A

An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus

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9
Q

What is A conditioned stimulus (cs)?

A

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it his been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response

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10
Q

What is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus referred too as?

A

A conditioned response (Cr)

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11
Q

What is extinction?

A

The process where stimuli loses their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that followed the stimuli no longer occur ( the learned responses are said to be extinguished.

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12
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

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13
Q

In conditioning, the tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned and is called what?

A

Generalization

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14
Q

What is discrimination?

A

In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a Cs and a similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS

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15
Q

A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a Cs by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus is referred to as what?

A

Counterconditioning

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16
Q

What is flooding?

A

A behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CSS) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear-responses (crs) are extinguished.

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17
Q

A behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed

A

Systematic desensitization

18
Q

Thorndike’s view that pleasant events stamp in responses and unpleasant events stamp them out.

A

Law of effect

19
Q

What does it mean to be reinforced?

A

To follow a response with a stimuli that increases the frequency of the response

20
Q

A behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment

A

Operant behavior

21
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced

22
Q

What are operants ?

A

They are the same as an operant behavior.

23
Q

What is a positive reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant

24
Q

What is a negative reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant

25
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning

26
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers.

27
Q

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

A

Another term for a secondary reinforcer

28
Q

What, in operant conditioning, is a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available?

A

Discriminative stimulus

29
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

30
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

One of several reinforcement schedules in which responses are reinforced intermittently

31
Q

What is a fixed-interval schedule?

A

A schedule in whicha fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

32
Q

What is a variable-interval schedule?

A

A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous one subsequent times that reinforcements is available

33
Q

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses

34
Q

What is a variable- ratio schedule

A

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses

35
Q

What is shaping?

A

A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the Target behavior

36
Q

What is successive approximations?

A

Behaviors that are progressively closer to the target behavior

37
Q

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

A

Cognitive map

38
Q

Learning that is hidden or concealed

A

Latent learning

39
Q

The view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli

A

Contingency theory

40
Q

What is observational learning?

A

The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (who are called models) rather than by the means of direct experience

41
Q

What is a model?

A

An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism.

general psychology 200 (15 decks)

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