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comd 320- speech a/p > ch 2 quiz > Flashcards

ch 2 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

what 4 cranial nerves are involved in breathing?

A

glossopharyngeal IX
hypoglossal XII
vagus X
accessory XI

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2
Q

what do each of the cranial nerves involved in breathing do?

A
  • glossopharyngeal IX, hypoglossal XII, and vagus X all dilate the larynx and stiffen the upper airway
  • accessory XI elevates the rib cage
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3
Q

what spinal nerves run through the rib cage wall?

A

C1-L2

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4
Q

what spinal nerves run through the diaphragm?

A

C3-C5

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5
Q

what spinal nerves run through the abdominal wall?

A

T7-L1

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6
Q

explain afferent vs efferent

A

SAME
DAVE
afferent is sensory neurons going to the cns
efferent is motor neurons coming from the cns

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7
Q

tidal breathing

A
  • automatic breathing
  • controlled be brainstem (medulla)-special groups of neurons generate rhythmic breathing patterns and regulate gas levels
  • influenced stongly by afferent info, but can be influenced by other senses like visual, emotions, awareness, etc
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8
Q

where does afferent information used by the medulla to control breathing come from?

A

mechnoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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9
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to chemical status

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10
Q

central vs peripheral chemoreceptors

A

central: located on front and side of medulla, respond to carbon dioxide level in cerebrospinal fluid
peripheral: located in common carotid arteries, responds to oxygen levels

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11
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
  • mechanical change (stretching, pulling, etc)
  • located in chest wall (sense changes in muscle length)
  • and pulmonary apparatus (respond to stretching of smooth muscles, airway irritants, and distortions in the alveolar wall
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12
Q

special acts of breathing

A
  • anything that’s not tidal breathing
  • controlled by higher brain centers that can override the brainstem
  • ie, brain overrides brainstem for non-tidal (special) acts of breathing (eg. blowing, talking, holding breath)
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13
Q

purposes of resting tidal breathing

A

ventilation (moving of air into and out of the breathing apparatus) and gas exchange

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14
Q

gas exchange

A
  • occurs at the level of the alveoli
  • alveoli makes contact with the bloodstream to deliver oxygen and take up carbon dioxide
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15
Q

resting tidal breathing

lots of random stuff

A
  • follows regular in/out pattern
  • expiration & inspiration about = duration
  • driven by pressure gradient creating by changing alveolar pressure
  • breathing patterns change based on different people and body positions
  • diaphragm is primary driver of inspiration
  • passive force (recoil) is primary drive of expiration
  • rib cage wall muscles activate slightly to stiffen
  • abdominal muscles are active and upright
  • when supine, ab muscles aren’t active becauase gravity is already bringing abdominal wall in
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16
Q

breathing and speech production overview

A

2 forms
extended steady utterance: long note, extended monologue
running speech: converstation (taking turns, etc)

17
Q

extended steady utterance

A
  • uses deepest inspiration and continues until movable air supply is depleted (most of vital capacity)
  • sustained vowel, sung note, etc
  • lung volume, alveolar pressure, rib cage and abdominal wall volume are affected differently

can’t produce speech without pressure in the lungs allwoing it to occur

18
Q

checking action expiratory muscles

A

as an utterance uses up most of our vital capacity, the expiratory muscles will engage to maintain enough pressure for speech production

19
Q

checking action inspiratory muscles

A
  • speech requires a slower release of air than tidal breathing
  • to generate pressure needed for sustained utterances, the inspiratory muscles must hold back the high expiratory relaxation pressure needed to expire
  • ie inspiratory muscles check the speed of expiration
20
Q

misc fact about extended steady utterance

A

constantly changing muscle activities are required to maintain target alveolar pressure

21
Q

running speech

A
  • uses about twice the resting tidal volume and continues until near resting tidal volume (midrange of vital capacity), but varies by speech activity
  • normal speech
  • inspirations are fast, expirations are slow

memorize the first point!

22
Q

running speech pressure

A
  • similar to breathing for ESU both relaxation pressure and muscular pressure contribute to running speech breathing
  • pressure for rs is usually higher than tidal relaxation pressure
  • muscular pressure is needed to increase alveolar pressure to target range
  • only expiratory muscles (rib&abdominal) are used
  • louder speech needs higher alveolar pressure (starts with larger lung volumes to create larger relaxation pressure) & increased muscular pressure
  • soft speech is the opposite
23
Q

boyle’s law

A

pressure and volume are inversely related, only applies if we are holding our breath because the breathing system is an open system

24
Q

running speech shape

A
  • the shape of the chest and abdominal walls can tune the breathing apparatus for quick inspiration and pulses of expiration (needed for normal speech)
  • fills the need for checking action
  • abdominal wall displaced inwardly (less than relaxed)
  • diaphragm is pushed up
  • chest wall displaced out (more than relaxed), because diaphraphm is pushing up
25
Q

the diaphragm

(all pertinent information)

A
  • primary driver of inspiration
  • responsible for changing the volume of the thorax (key to respiration)
    contraction of diaphragm
  • down and forward=vertical thoracic expansion
  • elevation of lower ribs=vertical thoracic expansion
26
Q

passive and active forces of breathing

A
  • active: muscle contraction
  • passive: natural recoil–surface tension of alveoli–pull of gravity–rib torque

new sneakers perfect running

27
Q

vertical exscursion of rib front end

A
  • upward & forward or down and back movement
  • results in increase or decrease of front to back rib cage diameter
28
Q

vertical excursion of side of rib cage

A
  • upward & outward or downward and inward movement
  • results in increase or decrease of side to side diameter
29
Q

tidal volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired during the breathing cycle.

30
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the tidal end-inspiratory level

31
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expired from the tidal end-expiratory level

32
Q

residual volume

A

The volume of air remaining at the end of a maximum expiration

33
Q

vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration (or inspired after a maximum expiration)

34
Q

functional residual capacity

A

The amount of air in the pulmonary apparatus at the resting tidal end-expiratory level

35
Q

total lung capacity

A

the volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus after a maximum inspiration

36
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

the maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the resting end-expiratory level

37
Q

describe the relaxation pressure curve

A

-at maximum inspiratory pressure you have exhaled all the air that you can, so you have a low vital capacity and also a low, negative alveolar pressure
-at maximum expiratory pressure you have inhaled all the that you can, so you have a high vital capacity and high alveolar pressure
-the relaxation curve is just your normal breathing and it doesn’t have extreme pressures on either side

comd 320- speech a/p (7 decks)

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