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Infection > Lecture 3 - An Infection Model > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - An Infection Model Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram + have thicker peptidoglycan wall
Gram + bacteria have no outer lipid membrane whereas gram - bacteria do

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2
Q

What is meant by normal flora or the micro biome?

A

The microorganisms that are normally present in/on the body

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3
Q

What are some gram positive cocci bacteria which are part of the normal flora of the skin?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus species

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4
Q

What are some Gram positive bacilli bacteria part of the normal flora of the skin?

A

Corynebacterium species
Propioibacterium acne’s

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5
Q

What colour do gram positive bacteria stain?

A

Purple/violet

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6
Q

Why do gram positive bacteria stain purple?

A

Their thick peptidoglycan wall retains the crystal violet stain

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7
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria stain?

A

Red

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8
Q

Why do gram negative bacteria stain red?

A

Their thin peptidoglycan walls cannot retain the stain

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9
Q

What causes cellulitis?

A

Infection caused by bacteria that are part of the normal skins micro biome

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10
Q

What microorganism commonly causes Thrush?

A

Candida albicans

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11
Q

Which bacterial microbe is important in controlling the levels of Candida albicans?

A

Lactobacillus bacteria

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12
Q

How do Lactobacilli keep number of Candida albicans under control preventing thrush from developing?

A

Maintain the acidic pH around the genitals in women preventing the overgrowth of Candida albicans

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13
Q

What type of microbe is Streptococcus mutans?

A

Gram + cocci

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14
Q

Where are Streptococcus mutans normally found?

A

Oral cavity
High in saliva
Surface of enamel

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15
Q

How do Streptococcus mutans cause infection?

A

Use glucose and sucros (fermentable carbs) to build their capsule.
They attach to the enamel and digest the enamel

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16
Q

What type of microbe is Streptococcus pneumonia?

A

Gram positive cocci

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17
Q

Where are Streptococcus normally found?

A

Mucus layer overlying epithelial surface of the upper respiratory tract

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18
Q

How does Streptococcus pneumonia cause infection?

A

Directly invades endothelial cells of the upper/middle respiratory tract

19
Q

What type of microbe is Escherichia coli (E.coli)?

A

Gram negative bacillus

20
Q

Where is Escherichia coli normally found?

A

Lower intestine

21
Q

How does Escherichia coli cause infection?
What is the method of infection?
How does the infection produce symptoms?

A

When orally ingested travels down digestive tract releasing the Shiga toxin with damages lining of small intestine

22
Q

What type of microbe is Candida albicans?

A

Gram + fungi/yeast

23
Q

Where is Candida albicans normally found?

A

Skin
Mouth
Gut
Vagina

24
Q

How does Candida albicans cause infection?

A

Infection is when it overgrows Orr enters deep into the body
Hyphae breach mucosal surface and damage underlying tissues

25
Q

What may lead to the overgrowth of Candida albicans and why?

A

Antibiotics (amoxicillin)
Destroy Lactobacillus bacteria which maintain the acidic pH at preventing overgrowth

26
Q

What 2 things are needed for infection to happen?

A

Pathogen + Host/patient

27
Q

What factors influence a patients vulnerability to infection?

A

Age
Gender
Physiological state
Pathological state (underlying conditions)
Social factors
Time of year (winter)
Relative time
Places been

28
Q

What is relative time?

A

Time relative to exposure which can lead to disease

29
Q

When considering place a patient has been, what should you ask?

A

Where have you been?
What have you been doing?
Who have you been doing it with?
We’re there any animals involved?

30
Q

What are the different mechanisms of infection?

A

Contiguous (direct) spread
Inoculation
Haematogenous
Ingestion
Inhalation
Vector
Vertical transmission

31
Q

What type of mechanism of infection is cellulitis and why?

A

Contiguous direct spread
Bacteria on skin enter through breaks in the skin entering into the subcutaneous tissue

32
Q

What is inoculation?

A

When something like a needle or thorn breaches skin into the subcutaneous tissue

33
Q

What is the haematogenous mechanism of infection?

A

Blood borne spread

34
Q

What mechanism of infection causes all gastroenteritis conditions?

A

Ingestion

35
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

When mother transmits disease to child during pregnancy or during delivery

36
Q

What is the process of infection?

A

Attachment of microorganism (extra or intracellularly)
Toxin production
Interaction of foreign material with host defences causes immune response
Can lead to inflammation and host damage

37
Q

As well as pathogens producing toxins how else do they cause disease?

A

Bodies immune responses to the foreign matter can cause disease

38
Q

What occurs in sepsis?

What are key signs of septic shock?

A

Bodies immune response is out of control
Tachycardia and hypotension indicative of septic shock

39
Q

What occurs during management of an infection?

A

Diagnosis made (history, examinations and investigations)
Then Treatment
Infection prevention measures put in place

40
Q

What is specific treatment?

A

Treatment which is aimed at the underlying disease

41
Q

What is supportive treatment?

A

Help relieve discomfort or symptoms caused by the underlying disease

42
Q

What is debridement?

A

Removal of infected tissue
E.g done in treating endocarditis (infected heart valve)

43
Q

Why is the point of infection prevention procedures in the hospital and community?

A

Prevent infection transmission to patients, staff and other contacts

44
Q

What are the outcomes to infection?

A

Cured
Death
Chronic infection
Disability

Infection (21 decks)

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