Lecture 20 - Review

Question 1

What type of strand is the 5’ (prime) to 3’ (prime) of DNA?

Answer 1

The coding + sense strand

Question 2

What type of strand is the 3’ (prime) to 5’ (prime) of DNA?

Answer 2

Non coding template strand
-ve sense strand

Question 3

Which strand is translated to mRNA?

Answer 3

3’ to 5’ strand converted to a mRNA strand +

Question 4

What direction is a strand of nucleic acid read in?

Answer 4

From 5’ to 3’

Question 5

What is a start codon?

Answer 5

AUG

Question 6

What is the process of the influenza virus producing viral proteins and therefore replicating?

Answer 6

• sense RNA strand transcripted to a + sense RNA strand (mRNA) then translation occurs

Then the + sense ssRNA is converted back to the original - ssRNA

Question 7

How does the replication of coronavirus differ to that of influenza?

Answer 7

It’s genetic material is + ssRNA so is already in the coding strand form so can be immediately transcripted into viral proteins without the need for changing it
Since it basically is the mRNA strand already

Question 8

What enzyme is important in the replication of viral proteins/replicating of influenza and coronavirus?

Answer 8

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Question 9

What are the 4 basic mechanisms of Antibiotic action against bacterial cells?

Answer 9

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of Protein synthesis
Alterations of cell membranes function
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Question 10

What are some antibiotics that affect Cell Wall synthesis?

Answer 10

Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems)

Glycopeptides

Question 11

What are some groups of antibiotics which affect protein synthesis?

Answer 11

Tetracyclines

Aminoglycosides

Macrolides

Question 12

What are some drugs that affect nucleic acid synthesis?

What do they target?

Answer 12

Quinolones (DNA gyrase)

Trimethoprim (folate synthesis)

Rifampicin (RNA polymerase)

Question 13

What group of drugs affect cell membrane function?

What is an example?

Answer 13

Polymixins

Colistin

Question 14

What are some Beta-lactams?

What do they do?

Answer 14

Penicillins:
-amoxicillin
-flucloxicillin

Cephalosporins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Question 15

What antibiotics are commonly associated with Clostridium difficult infection?

Answer 15

Amoxicillin
Cephlasporins
Fluroquinolone
Clindamycin

Question 16

What disease does Salmonella Typhi called?

Answer 16

Typhoid fever

Question 17

What is an example of a Quinolone?

What is its function?

Answer 17

Fluroquinolone:
-ciprofloxacin

Inhibits DNA gyrase

Question 18

What is an example of a cephalosporin?

What does it do?

Answer 18

Ceftriaxone

Its a Beta lactam so inhibits cell wall synthesis

Question 19

How do you treat a patient with suspected sepsis?

Answer 19

3 in 3 out:

3 in:
-IV fluids
-O2
-Antibiotics

3 out:
-urine
-lactate
-blood cultures

Question 20

What are the 2 types of isolation?

Answer 20

Source isolation:
-stops spreading disease

Protection isolation:
-protecting patient from environment

Question 21

What type of isolation would be in place for a patient with febrile neutropenia?

Answer 21

Protection isolation

Question 22

What are some examples off diseases that need to be identified to infection control?

Answer 22

TB
Measles

Question 23

What are some innnate barriers to infection?

What is the purpose of innate barriers?

Answer 23

Skin
Mucous membranes

Prevent entry and or establishment on host

Question 24

What is the purpose of the innate repsonse of immunity>?

Answer 24

Non specific responses producing rapid protection

Question 25

What is the function f adaptive responses? (Cell mediated and humoral immunity)

Answer 25

Specific responses producing long lasting protection

Question 26

What type of infections are injection drug users prone to?

Answer 26

HIV
HEP C
Endocarditis

Question 27

What are the 2 major cells in the innate response?

Answer 27

Macrophage (in tissues)
Neutrophils (circulating)

Question 28

What molecules are on the innate cells (macrophages and neutrophils) that recognise pathogens?

What molecules are on microbes that get recognised by innate cells?

Answer 28

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)on immune cells

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) on microbes

Question 29

What type of T cells to Intracellular microbes get presented to by Antigen Presenting cells? What molecules are they presented by?

What type of T cells to Extracellular microbes get presented to by Antigen Presenting cells? What molecules are they presented by?

Answer 29

Intracellular = CD8+ T cells by MHC Class I

Extracellular = CD4+ T cells by MHC ClassII

Question 30

What typ eof cell is needed for IgG antibodies to be produced by plasma cells?

Answer 30

T helper cells

Question 31

What cells are raised in bacterial infection?

Answer 31

Neutrophils

Question 32

What substances are produced in the innate response?

What do the cells do?

Answer 32

Complement and cytokine production

Phagocytosis

Question 33

What substances are produced in the adaptive response?

What cells are involved?

Answer 33

Antibodies (Humoral response)

B cells and T cells

Question 34

What type of infections occur in peoples with an impaired immune system?

Answer 34

SPUR infections

Severe
Persistence
Unusual
Recurrent

Question 35

What is an example of a phagocyte deficiency in the innate response imparting the immune system?

Answer 35

Chronic Granulomatous disease

Question 36

What is the most common antibody deficiency that need treatment?

Answer 36

CVID

Question 37

What are the PRRs that detect Gram positive bacteria?

What are the PRRs that detect Gram negative bacteria?

Answer 37

Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) = Gram Positive bacteria

Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) = Gram Negative bacteria