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Biology > Unit 2 (Georgia standard): Patterns in living systems > Flashcards

Unit 2 (Georgia standard): Patterns in living systems Flashcards

Cell structures, cell count, cell wall material, macromolecules, enzymes, Prokaryote vs Eukaryote cells, Prokaryote & Eukaryote cells, Prokaryote & Eukaryote kingdoms, classification, cell organelles

1
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells don’t?

A

A nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the Plantae kingdom?

A

Multicellular, has a cell wall, is an autotroph

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3
Q

What are plant cell walls made out of?

A

Cellulose

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4
Q

How do plants gain nutrition?

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the Animalia kingdom?

A

Multicellular, no cell wall, Heterotrophs

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the Fungi kingdom?

A

Cell wall, Heterotrophs, Unicellular, Multicellular

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7
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made of?

A

Chitin

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8
Q

Fungus are both___

A

Multicellular and Unicellular

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9
Q

Protists are a true kingdom or clade (True or False)

A

False

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of protists?

A

Unicellular, transitional organisms

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11
Q

What is a transitional organism?

A

An organism in between simple & complex organisms

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12
Q

What does “mixed up” mean when it comes to protists?

A

Are protists but can be like other organisms (Ex: Plants, animals, fungus)

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?
(trophic, cell count,) (does it have protection?)

A

Unicellular, cell wall, autotrophs, heterotrophs

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14
Q

Does all bacteria have a cell wall?

A

No, but most still do

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15
Q

What is a bacteria cell wall made out of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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16
Q

Bacteria can be both___

A

Autotrophs & heterotrophs

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17
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria feed by___

A

Chemosynthesis

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18
Q

Some autotrophic bacteria can use___

A

Photosynthesis

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19
Q

Unicellular, cells walls, heterotrophs, autotrophs, can easily live in extreme areas

A

Characteristics of archaea

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20
Q

What was bacteria formally named?

A

Eubacteria

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21
Q

Not all archaea have cell walls (True or False)

A

True, most do but not all

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22
Q

What was archaea formally named?

A

Archaebacteria

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23
Q

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protists are all examples of___

A

Eukaryotes

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24
Q

Bacteria and Archaea are examples of___

A

Prokaryotes

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25
Q

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

A

Clade

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26
Q

An organism capable of synthesizing (making) its OWN food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy.

A

autotroph

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27
Q

Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming OTHER organisms

A

heterotroph

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28
Q

Made up of a single (1) cell

A

unicellular

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29
Q

Made up of more than one cell

A

multicellular

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30
Q

A taxonomic category above (broader than) the kingdom level

A

domain

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31
Q

Domain (and kingdom) of unicellular PROKARYOTES that have cell walls that do NOT contain peptidoglycan; extremophiles

A

Archaea

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32
Q

Domain and kingdom of unicellular PROKARYOTES that HAVE cell walls containing peptidoglycan

A

bacteria

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33
Q

Kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by spores, have a cell wall made of chitin, and obtain food by breaking down substances and absorbing the nutrients

A

fungi/fungus

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34
Q

Kingdom of multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls

A

Animalia/Animals

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35
Q

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms; includes plants, animals, fungi, protists. ALL species grouped in this domain HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukarya/Eukaryota/Eukaryotes

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36
Q

Kingdom of multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophs, that have cell walls containing cellulose

A

plantae/plants

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37
Q

Mostly unicellular organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi; “misfits” as they are so hard to classify and are not a true clade

A

Protists/protista

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38
Q

protists are the ___

A

first eukaryotic cells to have developed on the planet

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39
Q

classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

A

binomial nomenclature

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40
Q

genus and species make up the ___

A

scientific name

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41
Q

An ancestral species from which later species evolved

A

common ancestor

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42
Q

Which two plant species are the most closely related?
a. Viola sororia and Iris cristata
b. Sanguinaria canadensis and Dicentra cucullaria
c. Rudbeckia hirta and Rudbeckia triloba
d. Sanguinaria canadensis and Solidago canadensis

A

c. Rudbeckia hirta and Rudbeckia triloba (Because of the genus, not all species main what they look like)

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43
Q

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by random events.
b. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by mutations.
c. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by gene flow.
d. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by natural selection.

A

a. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by random events

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44
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

The branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally accepted name

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45
Q

What does DKPCOFGS stand for?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

46
Q

What is a type of protein polymer?

A

Polypeptide chain

47
Q

Enzymes are a type of protein T/F

A

True

48
Q

Enzymes are proteins that___

A

Catalyze particular chemical reactions

49
Q

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is a___

A

Catalyst

50
Q

What does an enzyme do?

A

Lower a reaction’s activation energy

51
Q

The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the___

A

Active site

52
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made of cells, cells are the most basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells

53
Q

ALL cells have these 4 things:

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material

54
Q

Semi-permeable (selectively permeable), made of 2 layers (phospholipid bilayer), controls what goes in and out the cell

A

Cell membrane

55
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Made of protein, gives cell structure, provides internal support, can move organelles around

56
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semi-fluid, holds everything inside the cell in place

57
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, protects DNA found in the cell, surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane

58
Q

Nucleolus

A

Inside the nucleus, makes rRNA (ribosomes)

59
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of protein, located in the rough ER and floating in the cytoplasm, makes proteins

60
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes on its surface, surrounds the nucleus, makes protein, transports protein to the golgi

61
Q

Golgi body/apparatus

A

Folded membrane, processes, sorts and ships proteins wherever needed

62
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes, breaks down molecule that are harmful or not needed, can cause apoptosis (programmed cell death)

63
Q

DKPCOFGS is known as the ____

A

Taxonomic levels

64
Q

A species contains how many types of organisms?

A

one

65
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

66
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

67
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

Fatty acids (glycerol)

68
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acids

69
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

70
Q

What are the elements of carbohydrates? What’s the ratio?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1

71
Q

What are the elements of lipids? Are there any exceptions?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (Normal lipids)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus (The phospholipid bilayer/cell membrane)

72
Q

What are the elements of proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

73
Q

What are the elements of nucleic acids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

74
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together

75
Q

Examples of carbohydrates (Hint: CELL WALL!!!)

A

Sugars, starches, cellulose, chitin

76
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Main source of energy (quick energy) and makes up most cell walls

77
Q

Examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

78
Q

Examples of lipids

A

Fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes

79
Q

Enzymes, antibodies, muscles, hair, nails

A

Examples of proteins

80
Q

Function of proteins

A

Enzymes: biological catalysts-speed up chemical reactions, structure, movement (cytoskeleton, active transport)

81
Q

Function of lipids

A

Long term energy storage and makes up cell membrane

82
Q

Function of nucleic acid

A

Hold and stores genetic material

83
Q

Enzymes are usually proteins. This means they are made of smaller units called ___ ___

A

Amino acids

84
Q

What 3 factors can effect enzyme function?

A

Temp, pH, concentrate

85
Q

What does denature mean?

A

Active site, changes shape, can’t work properly

86
Q

Are enzymes altered/changed by the reaction?

A

No

87
Q

Can enzymes be used more than once?

A

Yes

88
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archea

89
Q

How did prokaryotic cells evolve to become eukaryotic cells?

A

Endosymbiosis

90
Q

Prokaryotes evolved into ___

A

eukaryotes

91
Q

Unicellular organisms evolved into ___

A

Multicellular organisms

92
Q

Simple organisms evolved into ___

A

Complex organisms

93
Q

Aquatic organisms evolved into ___

A

terrestrial organisms

94
Q

Substrate

A

The chemicals that an enzyme reacts with

95
Q

What characteristics do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Cell wall, chloroplast, & large central vacuole

96
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

A large prokaryote engulfed a smaller prokaryote

97
Q

What two organelles evolved from endosymbiosis?

A

The mitochondria & chloroplast

98
Q

What characteristics do animal cells have that plant cells don’t?

A

Lysosomes, centrioles, and cilia & flagella

99
Q

Do all animal cells have cilia & flagellum?

A

No

100
Q

What animal cells have a flagellum?

A

Sperm

101
Q

Macromolecules are aka ___

A

Biomolecules

102
Q

What are the 3 types of bacterial cells?

A

Spirillum, coccus, and bacillus

103
Q

Study of evolutionary relationships (history) among organisms

A

phylogeny

104
Q

“Father of Modern Taxonomy”; he established binomial nomenclature and devised systems for classifying all organisms

A

Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus

105
Q

Taxonomic group, for example kingdom or genus

A

Taxon

106
Q

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

A

species

107
Q

A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms; often used as a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group

A

cladogram/phylogenetic tree

108
Q

A place where a branch splits off from the rest of the diagram; COMMON ANCESTOR, also represents divergent evolution/speciation

A

node

109
Q

Traits that evolve in the lineage leading up to date

A

derived traits

110
Q

Catalysts speed up ___ ___

A

chemical reactions

111
Q

All life on Earth started as unicelluar, prokaryotic organisms. Which of these structures was vital for organisms to develop in order to evolve into more complex, multicellular organisms?

A nucleus
B cytoplasm
C cell membrane
D ribosomes

A

nucleus

Biology (10 decks)

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