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unit 3 Flashcards

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Psychology 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

biological psychology

A

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

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2
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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3
Q

dendrites

A

a neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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4
Q

axon

A

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

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6
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

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7
Q

refractory period

A

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired. a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another

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8
Q

threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

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9
Q

all or none response

A

a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing

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10
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

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12
Q

reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

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13
Q

endorphins

A

“morphine within”—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

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14
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

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15
Q

antagonist

A

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response

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16
Q

nervous system

A

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

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17
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

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20
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

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21
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

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22
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

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23
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

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24
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms

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25
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

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26
Q

reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.

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27
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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28
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

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29
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

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30
Q

pituitary glands

A

the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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31
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

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32
Q

electroencephalogram

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

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33
Q

CT (computed tomography) scan

A

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure.

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34
Q

PET (position emission tomography) scan

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

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35
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer -generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

36
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

37
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

38
Q

thalamus

A

the brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

39
Q

reticular formation

A

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal.

40
Q

cerebellum

A

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

41
Q

limbic system

A

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

42
Q

amygdala

A

two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

43
Q

hypothalamus

A

neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

44
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

45
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nour-ish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking.

46
Q

frontal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.

47
Q

parietal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

48
Q

occipital lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.

49
Q

temporal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

50
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

51
Q

association areas

A

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

52
Q

plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

53
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons

54
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

55
Q

split brain

A

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

56
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

57
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, mem-ory, and language)

58
Q

dual processing

A

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

59
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

60
Q

enviroment

A

every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

61
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

62
Q

DNA

A

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

63
Q

genes

A

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

64
Q

genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

65
Q

identical twins

A

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

66
Q

fraternal twins

A

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

67
Q

molecular genetics

A

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

68
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

69
Q

interaction

A

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

70
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

71
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

72
Q

natural selection

A

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

73
Q

mutation

A

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

74
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory and muscle contraction

75
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter involved in mood, movement, attention, learning

76
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter important in controlling alertness, wakefulness, mood, and attention

77
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter that regulates sleep, mood, appetite and body temp

78
Q

glutamate

A

the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, important for learning and memory

79
Q

GABA

A

the primary neurotransmitter in the nervous system

80
Q

endorphins

A

neurotransmitters linked to reduce pain and increased pleasure

81
Q

paul broca

A

discovered broca’s area which controls language expression

82
Q

karl wernicke

A

discovered area of left temporal lobe that involved language understanding, person damaged in this area uses correct words but they don’t make sense

83
Q

roger sperry

A

studied split brain patterns; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions

84
Q

Michael gazzaniga

A

studied of the neural basis of mind with primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research

85
Q

charles darwin

A

english natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection

ap psych (14 decks)

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