unit 10

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Question 2

free association

Answer 2

in psycho-analysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Question 3

psychoanalysis

Answer 3

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.For example, if a child experiences a traumatic event, the event would be suppressed, As an adult, the child reacts to the trauma without knowing why.

Question 4

unconscious

Answer 4

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Question 5

ID

Answer 5

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification (want)

Question 6

ego

Answer 6

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. For example, if a person cuts you off in traffic, the ego prevents you from chasing down the car and physically attacking the offending driver. (can do)

Question 7

super ego

Answer 7

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. (should do)

Question 8

psychosexual stages

Answer 8

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure- seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Question 9

oedipus complex

Answer 9

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Question 10

identification

Answer 10

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos. when someone takes on the characteristics of someone else in order to give himself or herself more power.

Question 11

fixation

Answer 11

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure - seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. only thinking from one point of view. It is in the inability to approach a situation from different perspectives

Question 12

defense mechanisms

Answer 12

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 13

repression

Answer 13

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety -arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. Jacob cannot remember certain painful memories as a child. To protect himself, he unconsciously represses these memories from his consciousness

Question 14

psychodynamic theories

Answer 14

modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain human behavior and personality.

Question 15

collective unconscious

Answer 15

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history. An example would be the universal fear of snakes or spiders

Question 16

projective test

Answer 16

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

Question 17

thematic apperception test

Answer 17

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Question 18

roschach inkblot test

Answer 18

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Question 19

false consensus effect

Answer 19

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors. the tendency to assume that one’s own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case. if a person who preferred water over iced tea believed that everyone he knew preferred water over iced tea also when this is not true

Question 20

terror-management theory

Answer 20

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death. a theory proposing that control of death anxiety is the primary function of society and the main motivation in human behavior.

Question 21

humanistic theories

Answer 21

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Question 22

self-actualization

Answer 22

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self - esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

Question 23

unconditional positive regard

Answer 23

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. often comes up in therapy is when clients share information that would otherwise feel “bad’ or “wrong.” A therapist shows unconditional positive regard by highlighting the courage and strength it took the client to share what they shared.

Question 24

self-concept

Answer 24

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Question 25

trait

Answer 25

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self - report inventories and peer reports

Question 26

personality inventory

Answer 26

a questionnaire (often with true - false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. a method in which people provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview.

Question 27

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Answer 27

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. a psychometric test that is often used to detect personality traits and psychopathological tendencies.

Question 28

empirically derived test

Answer 28

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

Question 29

social cognitive perspective

Answer 29

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context. Think of a time that you have learned a skill or behavior from observing another person. For example, you may have learned altruistic behavior from seeing your parents bring food to a homeless person

Question 30

behavioral approach

Answer 30

in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

Question 31

reciprocal determinism

Answer 31

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Question 32

positive psychology

Answer 32

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Question 33

self

Answer 33

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Question 34

spotlight effect

Answer 34

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) What is an example of spotlight effect in psychology?
For example, if somebody says something incorrect during a conversation, and the spotlight effect causes them to think “Now everybody must be talking about how I’m stupid,

Question 35

self-esteem

Answer 35

one’s feelings of high or low self - worth

Question 36

self-efficacy

Answer 36

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

Question 37

self-serving bias

Answer 37

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Question 38

narcissism

Answer 38

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Question 39

individualism

Answer 39

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Question 40

collectivism

Answer 40

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

Question 41

sigmund freud

Answer 41

Freud’s theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.

Question 42

alfred adler

Answer 42

the “Father of Humanistic Psychology”. disciple of Freud’s but parted ways. believed that individuals possess innate positive motives and strive towards personal and social perfection.

Question 43

Karen Horney

Answer 43

A neo-Freudian psychologist that criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses

Question 44

Carl Jung

Answer 44

A neo-Freudian who took Freud’s theory of personality and expanded on it. Jung believed that an individual’s personal unconscious contains the painful or threatening memories and thoughts the person does not want to confront. He contrasted the personal unconscious with the collective unconscious.

Question 45

Abraham Maslow

Answer 45

He developed a hierarchy of needs, which includes physiological needs (i.e. food, water, shelter), safety, belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization. According to Maslow, a person cannot experience upper level needs without satisfying the needs below it.

Question 46

Carl Rogers

Answer 46

Carl Rogers agreed that people are innately good, but he thought they require certain things from their interactions with others. He believed in a growth-promoting environments 🌍 that include: Genuineness—When people are genuine, they are transparent with their feelings.

Question 47

Robert McCrae

Answer 47

The five-factor model, as it came to be known, is a personality trait set consisting of: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 48

Paul Costa

Answer 48

The five-factor model, as it came to be known, is a personality trait set consisting of: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 49

Albert Bandura

Answer 49

Albert Bandura is the creator of the social learning theory. This theory states that people can learn simply by observing others in a social context. His most famous social learning experiment was the Bobo Doll experiment.

Question 50

Martin Seligman

Answer 50

Martin Seligman’s most famous work may be his research on the theory of learned helplessness. “Learned helplessness is a term specifying an organism learning to accept and endure unpleasant stimuli, and unwilling to avoid them, even when it is avoidable.”